Voiceless Velar Plosive
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Voiceless Velar Plosive
| Voiceless velar plosive | |
|---|---|
| k | |
| IPA Number | 109 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | k |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006B |
| X-SAMPA | k |
| Braille |  |
| Audio sample | |
The voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.
The [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Most Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi and Bengali, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g. Tahitian.
Some languages have the voiceless pre-velar plosive,[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive.
Conversely, some languages have the voiceless post-velar plosive,[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.
Features
Features of the voiceless velar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Varieties
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| k | plain k |
| k? | aspirated k |
| k? | palatalized k |
| k? | labialized k |
| k? | k with no audible release |
| k? | voiced k |
| k? | tense k |
| k' | ejective k |
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ??/ak?halak?h' | ['akalak?] | 'the city' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | Shapsug | /k??t | 'chicken' | Dialectal; corresponds to [t] in other dialects. | |
| Temirgoy | ?/psk?n | [pskan] | 'to cough' | ||
| Ahtna | gistaann | [k?st:n] | 'six' | ||
| Aleut[3] | kiikax? | [ki:ka?] | 'cranberry bush' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[4] | /kutib | ['katab?] | 'he wrote' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[5] | ??/ k'a?ak'/k'aghak | [k'k?] | 'town' | Contrasts with unaspirated form. |
| Assamese | ??/kom | [k?m] | 'less' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | kuleh | [kul?:] | 'all' | Used in most varieties, with the exception of the Urmia and Nochiya dialects where it corresponds to . | |
| Basque | katu | [kat?u] | 'cat' | ||
| Bengali | ??/kom | [k?m] | 'less' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | ???/kak | [kak] | 'how' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[6] | quinze | ['kinz?] | 'fifteen' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | ? / g? | 'home' | Contrasts with aspirated and or labialized forms. See Cantonese phonology | |
| Hokkien | ? koa | [kua] | 'song' | ||
| Mandarin | ? / g?o | 'high' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Chuvash | ??? | [ku'k:?] | 'mother's brother' | ||
| Czech | kost | [kost] | 'bone' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[7] | gås | ['k:s] | 'goose' | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨⟩ or ⟨?⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨k?⟩ or ⟨k⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[8] | koning | ['ko:n] | 'king' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | kiss | 'kiss' | See English phonology | ||
| Esperanto | rakonto | [ra'konto] | 'tale' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | kõik | [k?ik] | 'all' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Esperanto | kato | [kato] | 'cat' | ||
| Filipino | kuto | ['kuto] | 'lice' | ||
| Finnish | kakku | [k?k:u] | 'cake' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[9] | cabinet | [kabin?] | 'office' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[10] | ?/kva | [k?va] | 'stone' | ||
| German | Käfig | ['k:f?ç] | 'cage' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | ? / kalógeros | [ka'loe?ro?s?] | 'monk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | /ka?de | [k?:nd?o:] | 'onion' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | / kesef | ['kesef] | 'money' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hiligaynon | kadlaw | [kad?law] | 'laugh' | ||
| Hindustani | / | [k?:m] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | akkor | [?kkor] | 'then' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[11] | casa | ['kä:zä] | 'house' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[12] | ? / kaban | [kaba?] | 'handbag' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kagayanen[13] | kalag | [kað?a?] | 'spirit' | ||
| Korean | / kamja | [kamd?a] | 'potato' | See Korean phonology | |
| Lakota | kimímela | [k?'m?mela] | 'butterfly' | ||
| Luxembourgish[14] | geess | ['ke:s] | 'goat' | Less often voiced . It is usually transcribed in IPA as ⟨?⟩, and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed ⟨k⟩.[14] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | ? | [k?j] | 'who' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Marathi | ? | [kt?s] | 'armour' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | |
| Malay | kaki | [käki] | 'leg' | ||
| Nepali | [ke?ä] | 'banana' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology | ||
| Norwegian | kake | [k?:k?] | 'cake' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Odia | ?/k?ma | [käm?] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Pashto | /kal | [k?l] | 'year' | ||
| Persian | /kimci | [kimti] | 'kimchi' | ||
| Polish[15] | buk | 'beech tree' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[16] | corpo | ['ko?pu] | 'body' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | //kar | [k] | 'do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Romanian[17] | când | ['k?nd] | 'when' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[18] | ???/korotkiy | 'short' | See Russian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[19] | ? / kost | [k?:s?t?] | 'bone' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | kos? | [ksc?] | 'bone' | See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish[20] | casa | ['käsä] | 'house' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | ko | ['k?u:] | 'cow' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Sylheti | /kita | [k?t?à] | 'what' | ||
| Tamil | /kai | [k] | 'hand' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | ?/k?ki | [k?ki] | 'crow' | ||
| Thai | ?/k | [kaj] | 'chicken' | Contrasts with an aspirated form. | |
| Turkish | kulak | [k?u?äk] | 'ear' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | /kawar | [kawar] | 'slat' | Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology | |
| Ukrainian[21] | ?/koleso | ['ks?] | 'wheel' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[22] | cam | [kam] | 'orange' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | calon | [kal?n] | 'heart' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | keal | [kl] | 'calf' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ? / ge | [k] | 'foolish' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[23] | canza | [kanza] | 'walking' | |
See also
Notes
- ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Basbøll (2005:61)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206-207.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67-68)
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458-461.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
References
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1-2): 53-56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90-94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73-76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67-74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45-47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103-107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255-259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107-114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199-215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39-87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117-121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255-264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37-41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454-476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Landau, Ernestina; Lon?ari?a, Mijo; Horga, Damir; ?kari?, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66-69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
External links
- List of languages with [k] on PHOIBLE
This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
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