Voiceless glottal fricative | |
---|---|
h | |
IPA Number | 146 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | h |
Unicode (hex) | U+0068 |
X-SAMPA | h |
Braille | ![]() |
Audio sample | |
The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition, and sometimes called the aspirate,[1][2] is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨h⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h
, although [h] has been described as a voiceless vowel because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:
[h and ?] have been described as voiceless or breathy voiced counterparts of the vowels that follow them [but] the shape of the vocal tract [...] is often simply that of the surrounding sounds. [...] Accordingly, in such cases it is more appropriate to regard h and ? as segments that have only a laryngeal specification, and are unmarked for all other features. There are other languages [such as Hebrew and Arabic] which show a more definite displacement of the formant frequencies for h, suggesting it has a [glottal] constriction associated with its production.[3]
Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives.[4]
Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | Shapsug | ?/khyg' | [h] | 'now' | Corresponds to [x] in other dialects. |
Albanian | hire | [hi][stress?] | 'the graces' | ||
Arabic | Modern Standard[5] | ?/haa'il | ['ha:l] | 'enormous' | See Arabic phonology |
Aramaic | Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | ?/heemaanuutha | [he:ma:nu:t?a] | 'faith' | |
Turoyo | harke | 'here' | contrasts with /?/[6] | ||
Armenian | Eastern[7] | ?/hayeren | 'Armenian' | ||
Asturian | South-central dialects | ?uerza | ['hwe] | 'force' | F- becomes [h] before -ue/-ui in some south-central dialects. May be also realized as [?, ?, ?, x, ?] |
Oriental dialects | ?acer | [ha'?e?] | "to do" | F- becomes [h] in oriental dialects. May be also realized as [?, ?, ?, x, ?] | |
Avar | ? | [ha] | 'oath' | ||
Azeri | hin | [h?n] | 'chicken coop' | ||
Basque | North-Eastern dialects[8] | hirur | [hi?ur] | 'three' | Can be voiced instead. |
Bengali | ?/haoua | [hao?a] | 'wind' | ||
Berber | aherkus | [ah?rkus] | 'shoe' | ||
Cantabrian | mu?er | [mu'he?] | 'woman' | F- becomes [h]. In most dialects, -LJ- and -C'L- too. May be also realized as [?, ?, ?, x, ?] | |
Chechen | / hara | [h?r?] | 'this' | ||
Chinese | Cantonese | ? / hói | 'sea' | See Cantonese phonology | |
Taiwanese Mandarin | ? / h?i | A velar fricative [x] for Standard Chinese. See Standard Chinese phonology | |||
Danish[4] | hus | ['hu:?s] | 'house' | Often voiced when between vowels.[4] See Danish phonology | |
English | high | [ha] | 'high' | See English phonology and H-dropping | |
Esperanto | hejmo | ['hejmo] | 'home' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Eastern Lombard | Val Camonica | Bresa | ['br?ha] | 'Brescia' | Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties. |
Estonian | hammas | ['h?ms] | 'tooth' | See Estonian phonology | |
Faroese | hon | [ho:n] | 'she' | ||
Finnish | hammas | ['h?m:?s] | 'tooth' | See Finnish phonology | |
French | Belgian | hotte | [h?t] | 'pannier' | Found in the region of Liège. See French phonology |
Galician | Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects | gato | ['hät?] | 'cat' | Realization of [g] in some dialects. May be also realized as
[?, ?, x, ?, ?, ]. See gheada. |
Georgian[9] | ?/hava | [h?v?] | 'climate' | ||
German[10] | Hass | [has] | 'hatred' | See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | Cypriot[11] | ?/mahazi | [maha'zi] | 'shop' | Allophone of /x/ before /a/. |
Hawaiian[12] | haka | ['h?k?] | 'shelf' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
Hebrew | /har | [har] | 'mountain' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindi | Standard[5] | /ham | ['h?m] | 'we' | See Hindustani phonology |
Hmong | hawm | [ha] | 'to honor' | ||
Hungarian | helyes | ['h?j] | 'right' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Irish | shroich | [hç] | 'reached' | Appears as the lenited form of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as occasionally word-initial as 'h' in borrowed words. See Irish phonology. | |
Italian | Tuscan[13] | i capitani | [i?hä?i'?ä:ni] | 'the captains' | Intervocalic allophone of /k/.[13] See Italian phonology |
Japanese | / suhada | [shada] | 'bare skin' | See Japanese phonology | |
Korean | / haru | [hu] | 'day' | See Korean phonology | |
Kabardian | ??/ tkhyl"kh? | [th?] | 'books' | ||
Lakota | ho | [ho] | 'voice' | ||
Lao | /haa | [ha:] | 'five' | ||
Leonese | guaje | ['wahe?] | 'boy' | ||
Lezgian | /g'ek | [hek] | 'glue' | ||
Limburgish | Some dialects[14][15] | hòs | [h?:s] | 'glove' | Voiced in other dialects. The example word is from the Weert dialect. |
Luxembourgish[16] | hei | [h?] | 'here' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Malay | hari | [hari] | 'day' | ||
Mutsun | hu?ekni? | [hutkni?] | 'dog' | ||
Navajo | hastiin | [hàsd?ì:n] | 'mister' | ||
Norwegian | hatt | [h?t:] | 'hat' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Pashto | /ho | [ho] | 'yes' | ||
Persian | /haft | [hæft] | 'seven' | See Persian phonology | |
Pirahã | hi | [hì] | 'he' | ||
Portuguese | Many Brazilian dialects[17] | marreta | [ma'het?] | 'sledgehammer' | Allophone of /?/. [h, ?] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology |
Most dialects | Honda | ['hõ?d?] | 'Honda' | ||
Minas Gerais (mountain dialect) | arte | ['aht?] | 'art' | ||
Colloquial Brazilian[18][19] | chuvisco | [?u'vihku] | 'drizzle' | Corresponds to either /s/ or /?/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted. | |
Romanian | h | [h?ts] | 'bridle' | See Romanian phonology | |
Scottish Gaelic | ro-sheòl | ['h?:?] | 'topsail'[20] | Lenited form of /t/, /s/, see Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | Croatian[21] | hmelj | [hmê] | 'hops' | Allophone of /x/ when it is initial in a consonant cluster.[21] See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
Spanish[22] | Andalusian and Extremaduran Spanish | higo | ['hi?o?] | 'fig' | Corresponds to Old Spanish /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects. |
Many dialects | obispo | [o?'ihpo?] | 'bishop' | Allophone of /s/ at the end of a syllable. See Spanish phonology | |
Some dialects | jaca | ['haka] | 'pony' | Corresponds to /x/ in other dialects. | |
Swedish | hatt | ['hat:] | 'hat' | See Swedish phonology | |
Sylheti | /hamukh | [hamux] | 'snail' | ||
Thai | /haa | [ha:] | 'five' | ||
Turkish | hal? | [hä'] | 'carpet' | See Turkish phonology | |
Ubykh | [dwaha] | 'prayer' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
Ukrainian | ? | ['kihti] | 'claws' | Sometimes when is devoiced. See Ukrainian phonology | |
Urdu | Standard[5] | /ham | ['h?m] | 'we' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology |
Vietnamese[23] | hi?u | [hjew] | 'understand' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Welsh | haul | ['ha?l] | 'sun' | See Welsh orthography | |
West Frisian | hoeke | ['huk?] | 'corner' | ||
Yi | ? / hxa | [ha?] | 'hundred' |
|journal=
(help)