Voiceless Dental Stop
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Voiceless Dental Stop
| Voiceless alveolar stop | |
|---|---|
| t | |
| IPA Number | 103 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | t |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0074 |
| X-SAMPA | t |
| Braille |  |
| Audio sample | |
The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolar stops are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental stop can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t?⟩, the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t?⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t?⟩.
The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically;[1] the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (except for Ni?ihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar stop [k] for loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and N?ng of South Africa.[]
Features
Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- There are three specific variants of [t]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Varieties
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| t | plain t |
| t? | dental t |
| t? | aspirated t |
| t? | palatalized t |
| t? | labialized t |
| t? | t with no audible release |
| t? | voiced t |
| t? | tense t |
| t' | ejective t |
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aleut[2] | tiistax? | [t?i:sta?] | 'dough' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | ? | 'house' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [t?l?] | 'three' | |||
| Bashkir | ? / dürt | 'four' | Laminal denti-alveolar | ||
| Belarusian[4] | ??? | [s?t?ä'?od?dze] | 'century' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Basque | toki | [t?oki] | 'place' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Bengali | [t?umi] | 'you' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | ||
| Catalan[5] | tothom | [t?u'tm] | 'everyone' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Hakka[6] | ? ta3 | [ta?] | 'he/she' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form. |
| Dinka[7] | m?th | [mt?] | 'child' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/. | |
| Dutch | Belgian | taal | [t?a:l?] | 'language' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
| English | Dublin[8] | thin | [tn] | 'thin' | Laminal denti-alveolar, corresponds to in other dialects; in Dublin it may be instead.[8] See English phonology |
| Indian | |||||
| Southern Irish[9] | |||||
| Ulster[10] | train | [te:n] | 'train' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop. | |
| Esperanto | Esperanto | [espe'ranto] | 'Who hopes' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Finnish | tutti | ['t?ut?:i] | 'pacifier' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology | |
| French[11] | tordu | [td?y] | 'crooked' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |
| Hindustani[12] | / | [t?i:n] | 'three' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Indonesian[13] | tabir | [t?abir] | 'curtain' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Italian[14] | tale | ['t?ale] | 'such' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |
| Kashubian[15] | [example needed] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Kyrgyz[16] | ? | [t?us?] | 'salt' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Latvian[17] | tabula | ['t?äbulä] | 'table' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |
| Mapudungun[18] | fü?a | ['f?t] | 'husband' | Interdental.[18] | |
| Marathi | ? | [tb'la:] | 'tabla' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | |
| Nunggubuyu[19] | darag | [t?a?a?] | 'whiskers' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Pazeh[20] | [mut?ap?t?a'p?h] | 'keep clapping' | Dental. | ||
| Polish[21] | tom | 'volume' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[22] | Many dialects | montanha | [mõ't?] | 'mountain' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to , and/or in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology |
| Punjabi | / | [t?e:l] | 'oil' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Russian[23] | ?? | ['tos?tj] | 'fat' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[24] | taigh | [tj] | 'house' | ||
| Slovene[25] | tip | [t?í:p] | 'type' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Spanish[26] | tango | ['t?ão?] | 'tango' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish[27] | tåg | ['to:?] | 'train' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology | |
| Temne[28] | [example needed] | - | Dental. | ||
| Turkish | at | [ät?] | 'horse' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[29][30] | ? | [br?t?] | 'brother' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek[31] | [example needed] | - | Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.[31] | ||
| Vietnamese[32] | tu?n | [t?w?n] | 'week' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[33] | tant | [t?ant?] | 'so much' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | ? | 'five' | |||
| Arabic | Modern Standard | t?n | [ti:n] | 'fig' | Articulation may be alveolar or dental depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology |
| Egyptian | ? t?ka | ['to:kæ] | 'barrette' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [bet?a] | 'house' | Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects ? is used. | ||
| Bengali | [t?aka] | 'Taka' | True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. See Bengali phonology. | ||
| Czech | toto | ['toto] | 'this' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[34] | dåse | ['t:s?] | 'can' (n.) | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨d?⟩ or ⟨d⟩. Contrasts with the affricate or aspirated stop [t?] (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨t?⟩ or ⟨t⟩.[35] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[36] | taal | [ta:?] | 'language' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Most speakers | tick | 'tick' | See English phonology | |
| New York[37] | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[37] | ||||
| Finnish | parta | ['p?rt?] | 'beard' | Allophone of the voiceless dental stop. See Finnish phonology | |
| Hebrew | ?? | [tmuna] | 'image' | see Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian[38] | tutaj | ['tut?j] | 'raft' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Japanese[39] | / tokubetsu | [tok?bets?] | 'special' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | ? | 'five' | |||
| Korean | ? / dol | [tol] | 'stone' | See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[40] | dënn | [t?n] | 'thin' | Less often voiced . It is usually transcribed /d/, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[40] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | tahun | [täh?n] | 'year' | See Malay phonology | |
| Maltese | tassew | [tas'sew] | 'true' | ||
| Mapudungun[18] | füta | ['f?t?] | 'elderly' | ||
| Nunggubuyu[19] | darawa | [ta?awa] | 'greedy' | ||
| Nuosu[which?] | ? da | [ta?] | 'place' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
| Portuguese[41] | Some dialects | troço | ['tsu] | 'thing' (pejorative) | Allophone before alveolar . In other dialects /?/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology |
| Thai | ?? ta | [ta:?] | 'eye' | Contrasts with an aspirated form. | |
| Vietnamese | ti | [ti] | 'flaw' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | tosk | ['tosk] | 'tooth' | See West Frisian phonology | |
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Broad South African[42] | talk | [to:k] | 'talk' | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[42][43][44] |
| Scottish[43] | [tk] | ||||
| Welsh[44] | [t:k] | ||||
| German | Standard[45] | Tochter | ['t?xt?] | 'daughter' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[45] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek[46] | ? tria | ['t?iä] | 'three' | Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.[46] See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[47] | dans | [tns] | 'dance' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed /d/. It may be partially voiced , and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[47] See Norwegian phonology |
| Persian[48] | | [tu:t] | 'berry' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[48] See Persian phonology | |
| Slovak[49][50] | to | [t] | 'that' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[49][50] See Slovak phonology | |
See also
Notes
- ^ Liberman et al. (1967), p. ?.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Lee & Zee (2009), p. 109.
- ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115 and 121.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ a b c Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88-89.
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 158.
- ^ Blust (1999), p. 330.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
- ^ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. ?.
- ^ S. Buk; J. Ma?utek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458-461.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 61.
- ^ Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 515.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 91.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67-68.
- ^ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited (in Portuguese)
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
- ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
- ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 10.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 22.
- ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287-289)
- ^ a b Krá? (1988), p. 72.
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98-99.
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External links
- List of languages with [t] on PHOIBLE
This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
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