Voiceless alveolar plosive | |
---|---|
t | |
IPA Number | 103 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | t |
Unicode (hex) | U+0074 |
X-SAMPA | t |
Braille | ![]() |
Audio sample | |
Voiceless dental plosive | |
---|---|
t? | |
IPA Number | 103 408 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | t̪ |
Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+032A |
X-SAMPA | t_d |
Braille | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Audio sample | |
The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t
. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t?⟩ and the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t?⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t?⟩.
The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically;[1] the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (except for Ni?ihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar plosive [k] for loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and N?ng of South Africa.[]
There are only a few languages which distinguishes dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda being a few of them.
Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:
IPA | Description |
---|---|
t | plain t |
t? | dental t |
t? | aspirated t |
t? | palatalized t |
t? | labialized t |
t? | t with no audible release |
t? | voiced t |
t? | tense t |
t' | ejective t |
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aleut[2] | tiistax? | [t?i:sta?] | 'dough' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
Armenian | Eastern[3] | ? | 'house' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [t?l?] | 'three' | |||
Bashkir | ? / dürt | 'four' | Laminal denti-alveolar | ||
Belarusian[4] | ??? | [s?t?ä'?od?dze] | 'century' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | |
Basque | toki | [t?oki] | 'place' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
Bengali | [t?umi] | 'you' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | ||
Catalan[5] | tothom | [t?u'tm] | 'everyone' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Hakka[6] | ? ta3 | [ta?] | 'he/she' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form. |
Chuvash | [ut] | 'horse' | |||
Dinka[7] | m?th | [mt?] | 'child' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/. | |
Dutch | Belgian | taal | [t?a:l?] | 'language' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
English | Dublin[8] | thin | [tn] | 'thin' | Laminal denti-alveolar, corresponds to in other dialects; in Dublin it may be instead.[8] See English phonology |
Indian | |||||
Southern Irish[9] | |||||
Ulster[10] | train | [te:n] | 'train' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop. | |
Esperanto | Esperanto | [espe'ran?t?o] | 'Who hopes' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Finnish | tutti | ['t?ut?:i] | 'pacifier' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology | |
French[11] | tordu | [td?y] | 'crooked' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |
Hindustani[12] | ? / | [t?i:n] | 'three' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
Indonesian[13] | tabir | [t?abir] | 'curtain' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
Italian[14] | tale | ['t?ale] | 'such' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |
Japanese[15] | / tokubetsu | [t?o?kbe?t?s] | 'special' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology | |
Kashubian[16] | [example needed] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Kyrgyz[17] | ? | [t?us?] | 'salt' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
Latvian[18] | tabula | ['t?äbulä] | 'table' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |
Mapudungun[19] | fü?a | ['f?t] | 'husband' | Interdental.[19] | |
Marathi | ? | [tb'la:] | 'tabla' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | |
Nepali | [t?äli] | 'clappin?' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology | ||
Nunggubuyu[20] | darag | [t?a?a?] | 'whiskers' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
Odia | /tara | [t?ärä] | 'star' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. | |
Pazeh[21] | [mut?ap?t?a'p?h] | 'keep clapping' | Dental. | ||
Polish[22] | tom | 'volume' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | ||
Portuguese[23] | Many dialects | montanha | [mõ't?] | 'mountain' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to , and/or in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology |
Punjabi | / | [t?e:l] | 'oil' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
Russian[24] | ?? | ['tos?tj] | 'fat' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology | |
Scottish Gaelic[25] | taigh | [tj] | 'house' | ||
Serbo-Croatian[26] | ? / tuga | [t:gä] | 'sorrow' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Slovene[27] | tip | [t?í:p] | 'type' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology | |
Spanish[28] | tango | ['t?ão?] | 'tango' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | |
Swedish[29] | tåg | ['to:?] | 'train' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology | |
Temne[30] | [example needed] | - | Dental. | ||
Turkish | at | [ät?] | 'horse' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | |
Ukrainian[31][32] | ? | [br?t?] | 'brother' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | |
Uzbek[33] | [example needed] | - | Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.[33] | ||
Vietnamese[34] | tu?n | [t?w?n] | 'week' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology | |
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[35] | tant | [t?ant?] | 'so much' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | ? | 'five' | |||
Arabic | Egyptian | ? t?ka | ['to:kæ] | 'barrette' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [beta] | 'house' | Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects ? is used. | ||
Bengali | [t?aka] | 'Taka' | True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [?]. See Bengali phonology. | ||
Czech | toto | ['toto] | 'this' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard[36] | dåse | ['t:s?] | 'can' (n.) | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨d?⟩ or ⟨d⟩. Contrasts with the affricate or aspirated stop [t?] (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨t?⟩ or ⟨t⟩.[37] See Danish phonology |
Dutch[38] | taal | [ta:?] | 'language' | See Dutch phonology | |
English | Most speakers | tick | 'tick' | See English phonology | |
New York[39] | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[39] | ||||
Finnish | parta | ['p?rt?] | 'beard' | Allophone of the voiceless dental stop. See Finnish phonology | |
Hebrew | ?? | [tmu'na] | 'image' | see Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hungarian[40] | tutaj | ['tut?j] | 'raft' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Kabardian | ? | 'five' | |||
Korean | / daesup | [t?sup?] | 'bamboo forest' | See Korean phonology | |
Kurdish | Northern | tu | [t] | 'you' | See Kurdish phonology |
Central | [twe:?] | 'forehead' | |||
Southern | ? | [t?e:w] | |||
Luxembourgish[41] | dënn | [t?n] | 'thin' | Less often voiced . It is usually transcribed /d/, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[41] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Malay | tahun | [täh?n] | 'year' | See Malay phonology | |
Maltese | tassew | [tas'sew] | 'true' | ||
Mapudungun[19] | füta | ['f?t?] | 'elderly' | ||
Nunggubuyu[20] | darawa | [ta?awa] | 'greedy' | ||
Nuosu[which?] | ? da | [ta?] | 'place' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
Portuguese[42] | Some dialects | troço | ['tsu] | 'thing' (pejorative) | Allophone before alveolar . In other dialects /?/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology |
Thai | ?? ta | [ta:?] | 'eye' | Contrasts with an aspirated form. | |
Vietnamese | ti | [ti] | 'flaw' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian | tosk | ['tosk] | 'tooth' | See West Frisian phonology |
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabic | Modern Standard | t?n | [ti:n] | 'fig' | Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology |
English | Broad South African[43] | talk | [to:k] | 'talk' | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[43][44][45] |
Scottish[44] | [tk] | ||||
Welsh[45] | [t:k] | ||||
German | Standard[46] | Tochter | ['t?xt?] | 'daughter' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[46] See Standard German phonology |
Greek[47] | ? tria | ['t?iä] | 'three' | Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.[47] See Modern Greek phonology | |
Norwegian | Urban East[48] | dans | [tns] | 'dance' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed /d/. It may be partially voiced , and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[48] See Norwegian phonology |
Persian[49] | | [tu:t] | 'berry' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[49] See Persian phonology | |
Slovak[50][51] | to | [t] | 'that' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[50][51] See Slovak phonology |