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Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
t?
c?
IPA Number	215
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʨ
Unicode (hex)	U+02A8
X-SAMPA	t_s\
Image
Audio sample
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The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨t⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_s\ and c_s\, though transcribing the stop component with ⟨c⟩ (c in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨t?⟩ or ⟨c?⟩ in the IPA and ts\ or cs\ in X-SAMPA.

Neither [t] nor [c] are a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as [t] (retracted and palatalized ) or [c?] (advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_-' or t_-_j and c_+, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol ⟨?⟩, which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include [t], [c] and [].

This affricate used to have a dedicated symbol ⟨?⟩, which was one of the six dedicated symbols for affricates in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Albanian and Russian, and is the sibilant equivalent of voiceless palatal affricate.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan^[1]	All dialects	fletxa	['f?et]	'arrow'	See Catalan phonology
Catalan^[1]	Valencian	xec	['tek]	'cheque'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Cantonese	? / jy?		'pig'	Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /t?s/, usually in front of the front high vowels /i:/, /?/, /y:/. See Cantonese phonology
Chinese	Mandarin	/ B?ij?ng		'Beijing'	Contrasts with aspirated form. Pronounced by some speakers as a palatalized dental. In complementary distribution with [t?s], [k], and [] series. See Standard Chinese phonology
Danish^[2]		tjener	['te?:n?]	'servant'	Normal realization of the sequence /tj/.^[2] See Danish phonology
Irish	Some dialects^[3]^[4]^[5]	^{[example needed]}			Realization of the palatalized alveolar stop /t?/ in dialects such as Erris, Teelin and Tourmakeady.^[3]^[4]^[5] See Irish phonology
Japanese		/ chijin	[tid?]	'acquaintance'	See Japanese phonology
Korean		/ jebi	[tebi]	'swallow'	See Korean phonology
Polish^[6]		?ma		'moth'	See Polish phonology
Romanian	Banat dialect^[7]	frate	['frate]	'brother'	One of the most distinct phonological features of the Banat dialect: allophone of /t/ before front vowels. Corresponds to in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian		?	[tt?]	'barely'	See Russian phonology
Sema^[8]		akichi	[à?kìtì]	'mouth'	Possible allophone of /t/ before /i, e/; can be realized as instead.^[8]
Serbo-Croatian^[9]		?? / le?a	[l?tä]	'lentils'	Merges into /t/ in dialects that don't distinguish // from /t/.
Sorbian	Lower^[10]	??it	[?tit?]	'protection'
Swedish	Finland	kjol	[tu:l]	'skirt'	See Swedish phonology
Thai^[11]		?	[ta:n]	'dish'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Uzbek^[12]		^{[example needed]}
Vietnamese		cha	[ta]	'father'	See Vietnamese phonology
Xumi	Lower^[13]	[^Ht]^{[clarification needed]}		'star'
Xumi	Upper^[14]	[^Ht]^{[clarification needed]}		'star'
Yi		? / ji	[ti?]	'sour'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms

Notes

^ Wheeler (2005:12)
^ ^a ^b Grønnum (2005:148)
^ ^a ^b Mhac an Fhailigh (1968:36-37)
^ ^a ^b Wagner (1959:9-10)
^ ^a ^b de Búrca (1958:24-25)
^ Jassem (2003:105)
^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
^ ^a ^b Teo (2014:24)
^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180-181.
^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
^ Sjoberg (1963:12)
^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjan?i? Antolík (2013), p. 382.

References

Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363-379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157^{[permanent dead link]}
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjan?i? Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381-396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169^{[permanent dead link]}
de Búrca, Seán (1958), The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-49-9
Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103-107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-02-2
Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24-26, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746
Wagner, Heinrich (1959), Gaeilge Theilinn (in Irish), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 1-85500-055-5
Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives" (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175-213
Landau, Ernestina; Lon?ari?a, Mijo; Horga, Damir; ?kari?, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66-69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0

External links

List of languages with [t?] on PHOIBLE

[1] Wheeler (2005:12)

[gr148-2] Grønnum (2005:148)

[mhac-3] Mhac an Fhailigh (1968:36-37)

[wag-4] Wagner (1959:9-10)

[deb-5] Búrca (1958:24-25)

[6] Jassem (2003:105)

[FOOTNOTEPop193829-7] Pop (1938), p. 29.

[teo-8] Teo (2014:24)

[FOOTNOTELandauLon?ari?aHorga?kari?199967-9] Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.

[FOOTNOTEZygis2003180-181-10] Zygis (2003), pp. 180-181.

[11] Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)

[12] Sjoberg (1963:12)

[FOOTNOTEChirkovaChen2013365-13] Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.

[FOOTNOTEChirkovaChenKocjan?i?_Antolík2013382-14] Chirkova, Chen & Kocjan?i? Antolík (2013), p. 382.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links