Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | |
---|---|
t? | |
c? | |
IPA Number | 215 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | ʨ |
Unicode (hex) | U+02A8 |
X-SAMPA | t_s\ |
Audio sample | |
The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨t⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_s\
and c_s\
, though transcribing the stop component with ⟨c⟩ (c
in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨t?⟩ or ⟨c?⟩ in the IPA and ts\
or cs\
in X-SAMPA.
Neither [t] nor [c] are a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as [t] (retracted and palatalized ) or [c?] (advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_-'
or t_-_j
and c_+
, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol ⟨?⟩, which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include [t], [c] and [].
This affricate used to have a dedicated symbol ⟨?⟩, which was one of the six dedicated symbols for affricates in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Albanian and Russian, and is the sibilant equivalent of voiceless palatal affricate.
Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catalan[1] | All dialects | fletxa | ['f?et] | 'arrow' | See Catalan phonology |
Valencian | xec | ['tek] | 'cheque' | ||
Chinese | Cantonese | ? / jy? | 'pig' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /t?s/, usually in front of the front high vowels /i:/, /?/, /y:/. See Cantonese phonology | |
Mandarin | / B?ij?ng | 'Beijing' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Pronounced by some speakers as a palatalized dental. In complementary distribution with [t?s], [k], and [] series. See Standard Chinese phonology | ||
Chuvash | [ti'pr] | 'cute' | |||
Danish[2] | tjener | ['te?:n?] | 'servant' | Normal realization of the sequence /tj/.[2] See Danish phonology | |
Irish | Some dialects[3][4][5] | [example needed] | Realization of the palatalized alveolar stop /t?/ in dialects such as Erris, Teelin and Tourmakeady.[3][4][5] See Irish phonology | ||
Japanese | / chijin | [tid?] | 'acquaintance' | See Japanese phonology | |
Korean | / jebi | [tebi] | 'swallow' | See Korean phonology | |
Polish[6] | ?ma | 'moth' | See Polish phonology | ||
Romanian | Banat dialect[7] | frate | ['frate] | 'brother' | One of the most distinct phonological features of the Banat dialect: allophone of /t/ before front vowels. Corresponds to in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian | ? | [tt?] | 'barely' | See Russian phonology | |
Sema[8] | akichi | [à?kìtì] | 'mouth' | Possible allophone of /t/ before /i, e/; can be realized as instead.[8] | |
Serbo-Croatian[9] | ?? / le?a | [l?tä] | 'lentils' | Merges into /t/ in dialects that don't distinguish // from /t/. | |
Sorbian | Lower[10] | ??it | [?tit?] | 'protection' | |
Swedish | Finland | kjol | [tu:l] | 'skirt' | See Swedish phonology |
Thai[11] | ? | [ta:n] | 'dish' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
Uzbek[12] | [example needed] | ||||
Vietnamese | cha | [ta] | 'father' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Xumi | Lower[13] | [Ht][clarification needed] | 'star' | ||
Upper[14] | [Ht][clarification needed] | ||||
Yi | ? / ji | [ti?] | 'sour' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms |