Voiced pharyngeal fricative | |
---|---|
? | |
IPA Number | 145 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | ʕ |
Unicode (hex) | U+0295 |
X-SAMPA | ?\ |
Braille | ![]() ![]() |
Audio sample | |
Voiced pharyngeal approximant | |
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The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is [?], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\
. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.
Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, [?] is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation. The approximant is sometimes specified as [] or as [], because it is the semivocalic equivalent of [?].
Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:
Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate /?/ sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew - Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative, an epiglottal approximant,[1] or a pharyngealized glottal stop.[2]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abaza | ? | [?a:p?nqa:m?z] | 'March' | ||
Arabic | | [?u?ba:n] | 'snake' | See Arabic phonology | |
Assyrian/Syriac | Eastern | / tarè? | [tar:] | 'door' | The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as [t?r?:]. |
Western | / arè? | [ar?o] | 'Earth' | ||
Avar | ? | [?ort?':] | 'handle' | ||
Azerbaijani | ?el? | [?e?l?æ] | 'do' | In the northern and southern dialects. | |
Chechen | ? / jan | 'winter' | |||
Coeur d'Alene | /st?in/ | 'antelope' | [3] | ||
Coptic | ? / ai | ['?ai] | 'to multiply' | ||
Danish | Standard[4] | ravn | [?w?n] | 'raven' | An approximant;[4] also described as uvular .[5] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Limburg[6] | rad | [t] | 'wheel' | An approximant; a possible realization of /r/.[6] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
German | Some speakers[7] | Mutter | ['mut] | 'mother' | An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol.[7] See Standard German phonology |
Swabian dialect[8] | ändard | ['end?ad?] | 'changes' | An approximant.[8] It's an allophone of /?/ in nucleus and coda positions;[8] pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.[8] | |
Hebrew | Iraqi | ?? | [?ib'ri:?] | 'Hebrew language' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
Sephardi | [?iv'?it] | ||||
Yemenite | |||||
Kabyle[9] | ?emmi | [m:i] | 'my (paternal) uncle' | ||
Marshallese | enana | [nænæ] | 'it is bad' | ||
Occitan | Southern Auvergnat | pala | ['pa?a] | 'shovel' | See Occitan phonology |
Somali | cunto | [?unt?] | 'food' | See Somali phonology | |
Sioux | Stoney | marazhud | [ma?azud] | 'rain' |