Voiced glottal fricative | |
---|---|
? | |
IPA Number | 147 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | ɦ |
Unicode (hex) | U+0266 |
X-SAMPA | h\ |
Braille | ![]() ![]() |
Audio sample | |
The voiced glottal fricative, sometimes called breathy-voiced glottal transition, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨?⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h\
.
In many languages, [?] has no place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as a breathy-voiced counterpart of the following vowel from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the preceding vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice phonation in such languages.[1] It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Finnish[2]), making it a fricative.
Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives.[3]
Features of the voiced glottal fricative:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azeri | Standard | möhk?m | [moe:?cæm] | 'solid' | |
Basque | Northeastern dialects[5] | hemen | [?emen] | 'here' | Can be voiceless instead. |
Chinese | Wu | /he hu | [?] | 'language' | |
Czech | hovno | ['?ovno] | 'faeces' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish[3] | Mon det har regnet? | [- te? -] | 'I wonder if it has rained.' | Common allophone of /h/ between vowels.[3] See Danish phonology | |
Dutch[6] | haat | [?a:t] | 'hate' | See Dutch phonology | |
English | Australian[7] | behind | [b?'e?nd] | 'behind' | Allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds.[7][8] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
Received Pronunciation[8] | [b?'?and] | ||||
Broad South African | hand | ['n?t?] | 'hand' | Some speakers, only before a stressed vowel. | |
Estonian | raha | ['r] | 'money' | Allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Estonian phonology and Finnish phonology | |
Finnish | |||||
French | Quebec[9] | manger | [mã?e] | 'to eat' | Limited to a minority of speakers. Can also be realized as a voiceless . |
Hebrew | | 'fast' | Occurs as an allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
Hindustani | / | [:] | 'am' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Kalabari[10] | hóín | [?ó] | 'introduction' | ||
Korean | / yeohaeng | [j?] | 'travel' | Occurs as an allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Korean phonology | |
Limburgish | Some dialects[11][12] | hart | [t] | 'heart' | Voiceless in other dialects. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
Lithuanian | humoras | ['m?r?s?] | 'humour' | Often pronounced instead of [?]. See Lithuanian phonology | |
Odia | ??/?a?a | [h] | 'plough' | ||
Nepali | [l] | 'solution' | See Nepali phonology | ||
Polish | Podhale dialect | hydrant | ['d?rän?t?] | 'fire hydrant' | Contrasts with . Standard Polish possesses only /x/. See Polish phonology |
Kresy dialect | |||||
Portuguese | Many Brazilian dialects | esse rapaz | ['esi ?a'pajs] | 'this youth' (m.) | Allophone of /?/. [h, ?] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology and guttural R |
Many speakers | hashi | ['?i] | 'chopsticks' | ||
Some Brazilian[13][14] dialects | mesmo | ['me?mu] | 'same' | Corresponds to either /s/ or /?/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted. | |
Cearense dialect[15] | gente | ['nti] | 'people' | Debuccalized from [?], [v] or [z]. | |
Mineiro dialect | dormir | [do?'mi(h)] | 'to sleep' | Before other voiced consonants, otherwise realized as [h]. | |
Punjabi | / | [?ä?:] | 'air' | ||
Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[16] | hain? | ['?ajn?] | 'coat' | Corresponds to in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Silesian | hangrys | ['?ar?s] | 'gooseberry' | ||
Spanish | Cuban dialect | virgen | [bi?hen] | 'virgin' | |
Slovak | hora | 'mountain' | See Slovak phonology | ||
Slovene | Littoral dialects | ['ra] | This is a general feature of all Slovene dialects west of the ?kofja Loka-Planina line. Corresponds to [?] in other dialects. See Slovene phonology | ||
Rovte dialects | |||||
Rosen Valley dialect | |||||
Sylheti | [?u?ki] | 'dried fish' | |||
Ukrainian | ?? | ['los] | 'voice' | Also described as . See Ukrainian phonology | |
Zulu | ihhashi | [i:'?a:?i] | 'horse' |