Voiced Alveolo-palatal Affricate
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Voiced Alveolo-palatal Affricate
| Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| d? | |||
| IPA Number | 216 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʥ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A5 | ||
| X-SAMPA | d_z\ | ||
| |||
| Audio sample | |||
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The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨d⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨⟩ and ⟨⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are d_z\ and J\_z\, though transcribing the stop component with ⟨?⟩ (J\ in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨d?⟩ or ⟨⟩ in the IPA and dz\ or J\z\ in X-SAMPA.
Neither [d] nor [?] are a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as [d] (retracted and palatalized ), [] or [] (both symbols denote an advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are d_-' or d_-_j and J\_+, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol ⟨?⟩, which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include [d], [], [] and [].
This affricate used to have a dedicated symbol ⟨?⟩, which was one of the six dedicated symbols for affricates in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is the sibilant equivalent of voiced palatal affricate.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali | ? | [dk?on] | 'when' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[1] | All dialects | metge | ['medd] | 'doctor' | See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian | joc | ['dk] | 'game' | ||
| Chinese | Southern Min | ? / ji?t | [dit] | 'sun' | |
| Wu | ? | [dy] | 'he/she/it' | ||
| Irish | Some dialects[2][3][4] | Dia | [di?] | 'god' | Realization of the palatalized alveolar stop /d?/ in dialects such as Erris, Teelin and Tourmakeady.[2][3][4] See Irish phonology |
| Japanese | / chijin | [tid?] | 'acquaintance' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | / pyeonji | [p?j?:ndi] | 'letter' | See Korean phonology | |
| Polish[5] | d?wi?k | 'sound' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Romanian | Banat dialect[6] | des | [des] | 'frequent' | Allophone of /d/ before front vowels. Corresponds to in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | ['d?o?d b?] | 'daughter would' | Allophone of /t/ before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology | ||
| Sema[7] | aji | [à?dì] | 'blood' | Possible allophone of /?/ before /i, e/; can be realized as [? ~ ? ~ d] instead.[7] | |
| Serbo-Croatian[8][9] | ? / ?avo | [dâo?:] | 'devil' | Merges with /d/ in most Croatian and some Bosnian accents. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Uzbek[10] | [example needed] | ||||
| Xumi | Lower[11] | [Hd?] | 'water' | ||
| Upper[12] | [Hd] | ||||
| Yi | ? / jji | [di?] | 'bee' | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ Wheeler (2005:12)
- ^ a b Mhac an Fhailigh (1968:36-37)
- ^ a b Wagner (1959:9-10)
- ^ a b de Búrca (1958:24-25)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b Teo (2014:23)
- ^ Kordi? (2006), p. 5.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Sjoberg (1963:12)
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjan?i? Antolík (2013), p. 382.
References
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363-379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157[permanent dead link]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjan?i? Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381-396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[permanent dead link]
- de Búrca, Seán (1958), The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-49-9
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103-107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-02-2
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Wagner, Heinrich (1959), Gaeilge Theilinn (in Irish), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 1-85500-055-5
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
- Kordi?, Snje?ana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1
- Landau, Ernestina; Lon?ari?, Mijo; Horga, Damir; ?kari?, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66-69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
External links
- List of languages with [d?] on PHOIBLE
This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
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