Voiced Alveolar Approximant
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Voiced Alveolar Approximant
| Voiced alveolar approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ? | |||
| ð | |||
| IPA Number | 151 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɹ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0279 | ||
| X-SAMPA | r\ or D_r_o | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
| Audio sample | |||
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The voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ⟨?⟩, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.
The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the voiced postalveolar approximant, pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as ⟨⟩, but ⟨?⟩ is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol ⟨r⟩ even though this symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | gjelbër | ['lb] | 'green' | ||
| Armenian | Classical | ?? | [su?t?] | 'coffee' | |
| Assamese | Standard | ? (rônga) | [a] | 'red' | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | Alqosh dialect | [b?] | 'many' | Corresponds to in most other Assyrian dialects. | |
| Tyari dialect | |||||
| Bengali[1] | ? | [aba?] | 'again' | Phonetic realisation of /r/ in some Eastern Dialects. Corresponds to [r ~ ?] in others. See Bengali phonology | |
| Burmese[2][3] | ? | [tes?à?] | 'animal' | Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English | |
| Chukchi[] | ? | [?i?ek] | 'two' | ||
| Dahalo[4] | [káði] | 'work' | Apical. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d?/, and may be a weak fricative or simply a plosive instead.[5] | ||
| Danish | Standard[6][7][8] | ved | [ve?ð] | 'at' | Velarized and laminal; allophone of /d/ in the syllable coda.[6][7][8] For a minority of speakers, it may be a non-sibilant fricative instead.[8] See Danish phonology. |
| Dutch | Central Netherlandic | door | [do:?] | 'through' | Allophone of /r/ in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology. |
| Western Netherlandic | |||||
| Leiden | rat | [?at] | 'rat' | Corresponds to /r/ in other dialects. | |
| Faroese | róður | [uw] | 'rudder' | See Faroese phonology. | |
| German | Moselle Franconian (Siegerland[9] and Westerwald[10] dialects) | Rebe | ['?e:b?] | 'vine' | Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative or a uvular trill . See Standard German phonology. |
| Silesian | |||||
| Upper Lusatian | |||||
| Greek[11] | ?? méra | ['m] | 'day' | Allophone of in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See Modern Greek phonology. | |
| Icelandic | bróðir | ['prou?ðir] | 'brother' | Usually apical. See Icelandic phonology. | |
| Limburgish | Montfortian dialect[12] | maintenant | ['mæ?:n?ðn:?] | 'now' | |
| Persian | [f?:?'si:] | 'Persian' | Allophone of /?/ before /d/, /l/, /s/, /?/, /t/, /z/, and /?/. See Persian phonology. | ||
| Portuguese | Multiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inland Centro-Sul[13] | amor | [a'mo] | 'love' | Allophone of /? ~ ?/ in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also be retroflex, post-alveolar and/or rhotic vowel. See Portuguese phonology. |
| General Brazilian[14] | marketing | ['make?t?] | 'marketing' | Appears in loanwords, even by speakers who do not use it as an allophone of /? ~ ?/. Generally not as onset or final e.g. trailer ['t?ejle]. | |
| Some prestigious variants[15] | permitir | [pemi't?i] | 'to allow' | Usually deleted in verb infinitives in more colloquial registers. Might be substituted for or guttural R instead. | |
| Spanish | Andalusian[16] | doscientos | [do'?je?n?t?o?s] | 'two hundred' | Allophone of /s/ before [?]. See Spanish phonology. |
| Belizean | invierno | [im'bje?no] | 'winter' | Possible realization of /r/ in the syllable coda. | |
| Puerto Rican | |||||
| Costa Rican | hierro | ['je?o] | 'iron' | Corresponding to in other dialects. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[17] | starkast | ['s?t?ä?:käs?t?] | 'strongest' | Allophone of /r/. Some speakers have ( when geminated) in all positions. See Swedish phonology. |
| Tagalog | parang | [pa?a?] | 'like-' | Allophone of the more traditional [? ~ r] used by the more English-literate younger speakers. | |
| Turkish | Some speakers | art?k | [a?t?k] | 'excess, surplus' | Occurs as an allophone of in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar . See Turkish phonology. |
| Vietnamese | Saigon[18] | ra | [?a] | 'go out' | In free variation with , and . See Vietnamese phonology. |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[19] | rd? | [?d] | 'pass' | Allophone of /?/ before consonants. |
Postalveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian | red | [ed] | 'red' | Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed ⟨r⟩. See Australian English phonology, English phonology and Rhoticity in English. |
| Most American dialects[20] | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
| Igbo[21] | rí | [í] | 'eat' | ||
| Maltese | Some dialects[22] | malajr | [m?'l?j] | 'quickly' | Corresponds to [? ~ r] in other dialects.[22] |
| Shipibo[23] | roro | ['doo?] | 'to break into pieces' | Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of /r/.[23] | |
| Thai | Bangkok | ? / Krungthep | Bangkok | Allophone with the alveolar approximant . Contrast with standard form which pronounce alveolar trill . | |
As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, [?] occurs in Edo, Fula, Murinh-patha, and Palauan.[24]
See also
Notes
- ^ Khan (2010), pp. 223-224.
- ^ Cornyn (1944:7)
- ^ Watkins (2001)
- ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
- ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:59 and 63)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2003:121)
- ^ a b c Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:144)
- ^ Kohler (1995:165f), cited in Universität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse
- ^ Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache
- ^ Arvaniti (2007:15-18)
- ^ Bakkes (2007:[page needed])
- ^ Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19-21 (in Portuguese)
- ^ Recent 'lexical loans' from English to Brazilian Portuguese (in Portuguese)
- ^ Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis Archived 2013-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF) (in Portuguese)
- ^ Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:141)
- ^ Thompson (1959:459)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
- ^ Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999:283) citing Delattre & Freeman (1968), Zawadzki & Kuehn (1980), and Boyce & Espy-Wilson (1997)
- ^ Ikekeonwu (1999:108)
- ^ a b Puech (2013:74)
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:240-241)
References
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97-208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
- Bakkes, Pierre (2007), Mofers Waordebook (in Limburgish), ISBN 978-90-9022294-3
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997), "Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101 (6): 3741-3753, Bibcode:1997ASAJ..101.3741B, doi:10.1121/1.418333, PMID 9193061
- Browman, C.P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position in American English", in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues: for Katherine Safford Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 9-33
- Cornyn, William (1944), Outline of Burmese Grammar, Supplement to Language, vol. 20 no. 4, Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America
- Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968), "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture", Linguistics, 44: 29-68
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 140-142, ISBN 9780521637510
- Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically conditioned articulatory variation: A Review", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 97, pp. 1-73
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), "Why are the Danes so hard to understand?", in Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg; Bleses, Dorthe; Madsen, Thomas O.; Thomsen, Pia (eds.), Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday, Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, pp. 119-130
- Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999), "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants", Journal of Phonetics, 27 (3): 281-306, doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
- Ikekeonwu, Clara I. (1999), "Igbo", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 108-110, ISBN 9780521637510
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221-225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
- Kohler, Klaus (1995), Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen, Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Maddieson, Ian; Spaji?, Sini?a; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25-65
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107-114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 339-348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
- Puech, Gilbert (2013), "Prime constituents of Maltese sounds", in Borg, Albert; Caruana, Sandro; Vella, Alexandra (eds.), Perspectives on Maltese Linguistics, Berlin: Akademie Verlag GmbH, pp. 61-88, ISBN 978-3-05-006275-4
- Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The effect of syllable position on consonant reduction (evidence from Catalan consonant clusters)", Journal of Phonetics, 32 (3): 435-453, doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281-285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Thompson, Laurence C. (1959), "Saigon Phonemics", Language, Linguistic Society of America, 35 (3): 454-476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Watkins, Justin (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291-95, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122
- Zawadzki, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980), "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/", Phonetica, 37 (4): 253-266, doi:10.1159/000259995, PMID 7443796
External links
- List of languages with [?] on PHOIBLE
This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
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