The official romanization system for Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwan is locally referred to as Tâi-uân Lô-má-j? Phing-im Hong-àn or Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an,[I][1] often shortened to Tâi-lô. It is derived from Pe?h-?e-j? and since 2006 has been one of the phonetic notation systems officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.[2] The system is used in the MoE's Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan. It is nearly identical to Pe?h-?e-j?, apart from: using ts tsh instead of ch chh, using u instead of o in vowel combinations such as oa and oe, using i instead of e in eng and ek, using oo instead of o?, and using nn instead of ?.
Taiwanese Romanization System
Alphabet
The Taiwanese Romanization System uses 16 basic Latin letters (A, B, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U), 7 digraphs (Kh, Ng, nn, Oo, Ph, Th, Ts) and a trigraph (Tsh). In addition, it uses 6 diacritics to represent tones.
- "nn" is only used after a vowel to express nasalization, so it only appears capitalized in all-caps texts.
- Palatalization occurs when "j, s, ts, tsh" are followed by "i", so "ji, si, tsi, tshi" are sometimes governed as trigraphs and tetragraphs.
- Of the 10 unused basic Latin letters, "R" is sometimes used to express dialectal vowels (somewhat similar to erhua), while the others (C, D, F, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z) are only used in loanwords.
Sample texts
- Tâi-lô
- Pe?h-u?-j? (PUJ) s? 1 khuán i?ng Latin (Lô-má) phìng-im h?-thóng lâi siá Tâi-uân ê gí-giân ê su-b?n bûn-j?. In-u? tong-tshoo s? thuân-kàu-s? ín--jp-lâi ê, sóo-í ia?h-?-lâng k? PUJ kiò-tsò Kàu-hu? Lô-má-j?, he?k-tsiá s? kán-tshing Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hi?n-t?i ê sú-i?ng-tsiá b?-tsió m?-s? kàu-tôo, kàu-tôo m? tsin ts? b?-hiáu PUJ.
- Pe?h-?e-j?
- Pe?h-?e-j? (POJ) s? 1 khoán i?ng Latin (Lô-má) phèng-im h?-thóng lâi siá Tâi-ôan ê gí-giân ê su-b?n bûn-j?. In-?i tong-chho? s? thôan-kàu-s? ín--jp-lâi ê, só?-í ia?h-?-lâng k? POJ kiò-chò Kàu-h?e Lô-má-j?, he?k-chiá s? kán-chheng Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hi?n-t?i ê sú-i?ng-chiá b?-chió m?-s? kàu-tô?, kàu-tô? m? chin ch? b?-hiáu POJ.
- Hàn-j?
- (POJ)?1?(),POJ?,,?POJ?
- IPA
- [pe?uedi (pi o de) ?i ti?k?uan io? latin (loma) p?i?im het?o? lai ?a taiuan e gigi?n e subin bundi ? inui to?t?s? ?i t?uankausu indi?lai e s?i ia?ula? ka pi o di kiot?so kauhue lomadi hi?tia ?i kanti? kaulo ? pu?diko hi?ntai e suio?tia betio mi kaut? kaut? ma tin t?se behiau pi o di ?]
Values
Consonants
Vowels & Rhymes
Vowel(s) |
Open syllabus |
Nasal |
Plosive
|
---|
[m] |
[n] |
[?] |
[p?] |
[t?] |
[k?] |
[?]
|
---|
[a]
|
a |
ann |
am |
an |
ang |
ap |
at |
ak |
ah |
annh
|
---|
[ai]
|
ai |
ainn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
aih |
ainnh
|
---|
[au]
|
au |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
auh |
|
---|
[e]
|
e |
enn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
eh |
ennh
|
---|
[i]
|
i |
inn |
im |
in |
ing |
ip |
it |
ik |
ih |
innh
|
---|
[ia]
|
ia |
iann |
iam |
ian |
iang |
iap |
iat |
iak |
iah |
iannh
|
---|
[iau]
|
iau |
iaunn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
iauh |
|
---|
[i?]
|
io |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ioh |
|
---|
[i?]
|
|
|
|
|
iong |
|
|
iok |
|
|
---|
[iu]
|
iu |
iunn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
iuh |
iunnh
|
---|
|
Vowel(s) |
Open syllabus |
Nasal |
Plosive
|
---|
[m] |
[n] |
[?] |
[p?] |
[t?] |
[k?] |
[?]
|
---|
[?]
|
o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
oh |
|
---|
[?]
|
oo |
onn |
om |
|
ong |
op |
|
ok |
ooh |
onnh
|
---|
[u]
|
u |
|
|
un |
|
|
ut |
|
uh |
|
---|
[ua]
|
ua |
uann |
|
uan |
|
|
uat |
|
uah |
|
---|
[uai]
|
uai |
uainn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
---|
[ue]
|
ue |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ueh |
|
---|
[ui]
|
ui |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
---|
[m?]
|
m |
- |
mh
|
---|
[]
|
ng |
- |
ngh
|
---|
|
- ing pronounced [], ik pronounced [k?].
Tones
Tone No.
|
1 |
2 (= 6) |
3 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
8
|
---|
Name
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
---|
im-pîng |
si?ng-siann |
im-khì |
im-ji?p |
iông-pîng |
iông-khì |
iông-ji?p
|
Symbol
|
None |
Acute |
Grave |
None (-p, -t, -k, -h) |
Circumflex |
macron |
Vertical line above (-p, -t, -k, -h)
|
---|
? |
|
|
? |
|
|
|
Pitch
|
? |
|
|
|
|
? |
|
---|
55 |
51 |
31 |
3? |
24 |
33 |
5?
|
Example
|
tong (?) |
tóng (?) |
tòng (?) |
tok (?) |
tông (?) |
t?ng (?) |
to?k (?)
|
---|
A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.
Licit syllables[3] |
---|
|
Ø |
b |
g |
h |
j |
k |
kh |
l |
m
|
n |
ng |
p |
ph |
s |
t |
th |
ts |
tsh |
|
---|
a
|
a |
ba |
ga |
ha |
|
ka |
kha |
la |
ma |
na |
nga |
pa |
pha |
sa |
ta |
tha |
tsa |
tsha
|
a
|
---|
ah
|
ah |
bah |
|
hah |
|
kah |
khah |
lah |
|
nah |
|
pah |
phah |
sah |
tah |
thah |
tsah |
tshah
|
ah
|
---|
ai
|
ai |
bai |
gai |
hai |
|
kai |
khai |
lai |
mai |
nai |
ngai |
pai |
phai |
sai |
tai |
thai |
tsai |
tshai
|
ai
|
---|
ainn
|
ainn |
|
|
hainn |
|
kainn |
khainn |
|
|
|
|
|
phainn |
|
tainn |
|
tsainn |
|
ainn
|
---|
ak
|
ak |
bak |
gak |
hak |
|
kak |
khak |
lak |
|
|
|
pak |
phak |
sak |
tak |
thak |
tsak |
tshak
|
ak
|
---|
am
|
am |
|
gam |
ham |
|
kam |
kham |
lam |
|
|
|
|
|
sam |
tam |
tham |
tsam |
tsham
|
am
|
---|
an
|
an |
ban |
gan |
han |
|
kan |
khan |
lan |
|
|
|
pan |
phan |
san |
tan |
than |
tsan |
tshan
|
an
|
---|
ang
|
ang |
bang |
gang |
hang |
|
kang |
khang |
lang |
|
|
|
pang |
phang |
sang |
tang |
thang |
tsang |
tshang
|
ang
|
---|
ann
|
ann |
|
|
hann |
|
kann |
khann |
|
|
|
|
|
phann |
sann |
tann |
thann |
tsann |
tshann
|
ann
|
---|
annh
|
|
|
|
hannh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sannh |
|
|
|
|
annh
|
---|
ap
|
ap |
|
|
hap |
|
kap |
khap |
lap |
|
|
|
|
|
sap |
tap |
thap |
tsap |
tshap
|
ap
|
---|
at
|
at |
bat |
|
hat |
|
kat |
khat |
lat |
|
|
|
pat |
|
sat |
tat |
that |
tsat |
tshat
|
at
|
---|
au
|
au |
bau |
gau |
hau |
|
kau |
khau |
lau |
mau |
nau |
ngau |
pau |
phau |
sau |
tau |
thau |
tsau |
tshau
|
au
|
---|
auh
|
|
|
|
|
|
kauh |
|
lauh |
mauh |
nauh |
|
|
phauh |
|
tauh |
|
|
tshauh
|
auh
|
---|
e
|
e |
be |
ge |
he |
|
ke |
khe |
le |
me |
ne |
nge |
pe |
phe |
se |
te |
the |
tse |
tshe
|
e
|
---|
eh
|
eh |
beh |
|
heh |
|
keh |
kheh |
leh |
meh |
neh |
ngeh |
peh |
|
seh |
teh |
theh |
tseh |
tsheh
|
eh
|
---|
enn
|
enn |
|
|
henn |
|
kenn |
khenn |
|
|
|
|
penn |
phenn |
senn |
tenn |
thenn |
tsenn |
tshenn
|
enn
|
---|
ennh
|
|
|
|
hennh |
|
|
khennh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ennh
|
---|
i
|
i |
bi |
gi |
hi |
ji |
ki |
khi |
li |
mi |
ni |
|
pi |
phi |
si |
ti |
thi |
tsi |
tshi
|
i
|
---|
ia
|
ia |
|
gia |
hia |
jia |
kia |
khia |
|
mia |
nia |
ngia |
|
|
sia |
tia |
|
tsia |
tshia
|
ia
|
---|
iah
|
iah |
|
giah |
hiah |
|
kiah |
khiah |
liah |
|
|
|
piah |
phiah |
siah |
tiah |
thiah |
tsiah |
tshiah
|
iah
|
---|
iak
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
khiak |
|
|
|
|
piak |
phiak |
siak |
tiak |
|
|
tshiak
|
iak
|
---|
iam
|
iam |
|
giam |
hiam |
jiam |
kiam |
khiam |
liam |
|
|
|
|
|
siam |
tiam |
thiam |
tsiam |
tshiam
|
iam
|
---|
ian
|
ian |
bian |
gian |
hian |
jian |
kian |
khian |
lian |
|
|
|
pian |
phian |
sian |
tian |
thian |
tsian |
tshian
|
ian
|
---|
iang
|
iang |
|
giang |
hiang |
jiang |
|
khiang |
liang |
|
|
|
piang |
phiang |
siang |
|
|
tsiang |
tshiang
|
iang
|
---|
iann
|
iann |
|
|
hiann |
|
kiann |
|
|
|
|
|
piann |
|
siann |
tiann |
thiann |
tsiann |
tshiann
|
iann
|
---|
iannh
|
|
|
|
hiannh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
iannh
|
---|
iap
|
iap |
|
giap |
hiap |
jiap |
kiap |
khiap |
liap |
|
|
|
|
|
siap |
tiap |
thiap |
tsiap |
tshiap
|
iap
|
---|
iat
|
iat |
biat |
giat |
hiat |
jiat |
kiat |
khiat |
liat |
|
|
|
piat |
phiat |
siat |
tiat |
thiat |
tsiat |
tshiat
|
iat
|
---|
iau
|
iau |
biau |
giau |
hiau |
jiau |
kiau |
khiau |
liau |
miau |
niau |
ngiau |
piau |
phiau |
siau |
tiau |
thiau |
tsiau |
tshiau
|
iau
|
---|
iauh
|
|
|
|
hiauh |
|
|
khiauh |
|
|
|
ngiauh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
iauh
|
---|
iaunn
|
iaunn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
iaunn
|
---|
ih
|
|
bih |
|
|
|
|
khih |
|
mih |
nih |
|
pih |
phih |
sih |
tih |
thih |
tsih |
tshih
|
ih
|
---|
ik
|
ik |
bik |
gik |
hik |
|
kik |
|
lik |
|
|
|
pik |
phik |
sik |
tik |
thik |
tsik |
tshik
|
ik
|
---|
im
|
im |
|
gim |
him |
jim |
kim |
khim |
lim |
|
|
|
|
|
sim |
tim |
thim |
tsim |
tshim
|
im
|
---|
in
|
in |
bin |
gin |
hin |
jin |
kin |
khin |
lin |
|
|
|
pin |
phin |
sin |
tin |
thin |
tsin |
tshin
|
in
|
---|
ing
|
ing |
bing |
ging |
hing |
|
king |
khing |
ling |
|
|
|
ping |
phing |
sing |
ting |
thing |
tsing |
tshing
|
ing
|
---|
inn
|
inn |
|
|
hinn |
|
kinn |
khinn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
sinn |
tinn |
thinn |
tsinn |
tshinn
|
inn
|
---|
io
|
io |
bio |
gio |
hio |
jio |
kio |
khio |
lio |
|
|
|
pio |
phio |
sio |
tio |
thio |
tsio |
tshio
|
io
|
---|
ioh
|
ioh |
|
gioh |
hioh |
|
kioh |
khioh |
lioh |
|
|
|
|
|
sioh |
tioh |
|
tsioh |
tshioh
|
ioh
|
---|
iok
|
iok |
|
giok |
hiok |
jiok |
kiok |
khiok |
liok |
|
|
|
|
|
siok |
tiok |
thiok |
tsiok |
tshiok
|
iok
|
---|
iong
|
iong |
|
giong |
hiong |
jiong |
kiong |
khiong |
liong |
|
|
|
|
|
siong |
tiong |
thiong |
tsiong |
tshiong
|
iong
|
---|
ip
|
ip |
|
|
hip |
jip |
kip |
khip |
lip |
|
|
|
|
|
sip |
|
|
tsip |
tship
|
ip
|
---|
it
|
it |
bit |
|
hit |
jit |
kit |
khit |
|
|
|
|
pit |
phit |
sit |
tit |
|
tsit |
tshit
|
it
|
---|
iu
|
iu |
biu |
giu |
hiu |
jiu |
kiu |
khiu |
liu |
|
niu |
|
piu |
|
siu |
tiu |
thiu |
tsiu |
tshiu
|
iu
|
---|
iunn
|
iunn |
|
|
hiunn |
|
kiunn |
khiunn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
siunn |
tiunn |
|
tsiunn |
tshiunn
|
iunn
|
---|
iunnh
|
iunnh |
|
|
hiunnh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
iunnh
|
---|
m
|
m |
|
|
hm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m
|
---|
mh
|
|
|
|
hmh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mh
|
---|
ng
|
ng |
|
|
hng |
|
kng |
khng |
|
mng |
nng |
|
png |
|
sng |
tng |
thng |
tsng |
tshng
|
ng
|
---|
ngh
|
|
|
|
hngh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
phngh |
sngh |
|
|
|
tshngh
|
ngh
|
---|
o
|
o |
bo |
go |
ho |
|
ko |
kho |
lo |
|
|
|
po |
pho |
so |
to |
tho |
tso |
tsho
|
o
|
---|
oh
|
oh |
|
|
hoh |
|
koh |
|
loh |
|
|
|
poh |
phoh |
soh |
toh |
thoh |
tsoh |
tshoh
|
oh
|
---|
ok
|
ok |
bok |
gok |
hok |
|
kok |
khok |
lok |
|
|
|
pok |
phok |
sok |
tok |
thok |
tsok |
tshok
|
ok
|
---|
om
|
om |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
som |
tom |
|
|
|
om
|
---|
ong
|
ong |
bong |
gong |
hong |
|
kong |
khong |
long |
|
|
|
pong |
phong |
song |
tong |
thong |
tsong |
tshong
|
ong
|
---|
onn
|
onn |
|
|
honn |
|
konn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
onn
|
---|
onnh
|
onnh |
|
|
honnh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
onnh
|
---|
oo
|
oo |
boo |
goo |
hoo |
|
koo |
khoo |
loo |
moo |
noo |
ngoo |
poo |
phoo |
soo |
too |
thoo |
tsoo |
tshoo
|
oo
|
---|
ooh
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mooh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ooh
|
---|
u
|
u |
bu |
gu |
hu |
ju |
ku |
khu |
lu |
|
|
|
pu |
phu |
su |
tu |
thu |
tsu |
tshu
|
u
|
---|
ua
|
ua |
bua |
gua |
hua |
|
kua |
khua |
lua |
mua |
nua |
|
pua |
phua |
sua |
tua |
thua |
tsua |
tshua
|
ua
|
---|
uah
|
uah |
buah |
|
huah |
juah |
kuah |
khuah |
luah |
|
|
|
puah |
phuah |
suah |
|
thuah |
tsuah |
tshuah
|
uah
|
---|
uai
|
uai |
|
|
huai |
|
kuai |
khuai |
|
|
|
|
|
|
suai |
|
|
|
|
uai
|
---|
uainn
|
uainn |
|
|
huainn |
|
kuainn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
suainn |
|
|
tsuainn |
|
uainn
|
---|
uan
|
uan |
buan |
guan |
huan |
|
kuan |
khuan |
luan |
|
|
|
puan |
phuan |
suan |
tuan |
thuan |
tsuan |
tshuan
|
uan
|
---|
uang
|
uang |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tshuang
|
uang
|
---|
uann
|
uann |
|
|
huann |
|
kuann |
khuann |
|
|
|
|
puann |
phuann |
suann |
tuann |
thuann |
|
tshuann
|
uann
|
---|
uat
|
uat |
buat |
guat |
huat |
|
kuat |
khuat |
luat |
|
|
|
puat |
phuat |
suat |
tuat |
thuat |
tsuat |
|
uat
|
---|
ue
|
ue |
bue |
gue |
hue |
jue |
kue |
khue |
lue |
|
|
|
pue |
phue |
sue |
tue |
|
tsue |
tshue
|
ue
|
---|
ueh
|
ueh |
bueh |
gueh |
hueh |
|
kueh |
khueh |
|
|
|
|
pueh |
phueh |
sueh |
|
|
|
|
ueh
|
---|
uh
|
uh |
|
|
|
|
|
khuh |
|
|
|
|
puh |
phuh |
|
tuh |
thuh |
tsuh |
tshuh
|
uh
|
---|
ui
|
ui |
bui |
gui |
hui |
|
kui |
khui |
lui |
mui |
|
|
pui |
phui |
sui |
tui |
thui |
tsui |
tshui
|
ui
|
---|
un
|
un |
bun |
gun |
hun |
jun |
kun |
khun |
lun |
|
|
|
pun |
phun |
sun |
tun |
thun |
tsun |
tshun
|
un
|
---|
ut
|
ut |
but |
|
hut |
|
kut |
khut |
lut |
|
|
|
put |
phut |
sut |
tut |
thut |
tsut |
tshut
|
ut
|
---|
|
Ø |
b |
g |
h |
j |
k |
kh |
l |
m |
n |
ng |
p |
ph |
s |
t |
th |
ts |
tsh |
|
---|
|
Notes
- ^ In version of Ngoo Siu-le [zh], /?e/ [ere] is spelled as [oe] while the Phonetic Symbol "?
" is replaced with "
".
Words in native languages
References
External links