Sundanese
Basa Sunda
Word "Sunda" written in Official Sundanese script
Native to	Java, Indonesia
Region	West Java, Banten, Jakarta, parts of western Central Java, southern Lampung, also spoken by the Sundanese diaspora all over Indonesia and throughout the world
Ethnicity	Sundanese, (Priangan, Bantenese, Badui, Cirebonese)
Native speakers	40 million (2016)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian disputed: Malayo-Sumbawan or Greater North Borneo Sundanese
Dialects	Baduy language Bantenese language Brebian Sundanese Cirebonese Sundanese Northern Sundanese Priangan Sundanese
Writing system	Cacarakan (certain areas) Latin script (present) Pranagari (historical) Pegon script (Religious use only) Sundanese script (present; optional) Vatteluttu (historical)
Official status
Official language in	Banten (regional) West Java (regional)
Language codes
	su
	sun
	sun
Glottolog	sund1251
Linguasphere	31-MFN-a
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A Sundanese lontar manuscript written in Sundanese script.

The first page from the manuscript of Carita Waruga Guru which uses the Old Sundanese script and Old Sundanese language.

Aksara Sunda (Sundanese script)

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A Sundanese speaker, recorded in Indonesia.

Sundanese (;^[2]Basa Sunda, /basa s?nda/, in Sundanese script: ) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Sundanese. It has approximately 39 million native speakers in the western third of Java; they represent about 15% of Indonesia's total population.

Classification

According to American linguist Robert Blust, Sundanese is closely related to the Malayic languages, as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the Land Dayak languages or the Kayan-Murik languages, based on high lexical similarities between these languages.^[3][4] It is more distantly related to Madurese and Javanese.

Dialects

Sundanese has several dialects, conventionally described according to the locations of the people:

Linguistic map of West Java, Banten, Western part of Central Java and Jakarta.

• Western dialect, spoken in the provinces of Banten and some parts of Lampung;
• Northern dialect, spoken in Bogor, and northwestern coastal areas of West Java;
• Southern or Priangan dialect, spoken in Sukabumi, Cianjur, Bandung, Garut and Tasikmalaya
• Mid-east dialect, spoken in Cirebon, Majalengka and Indramayu,
• Northeast dialect (Jalawastu), spoken in Kuningan, and Brebes (Central Java),
• Southeast dialect, spoken in Ciamis, Pangandaran, Banjar and Cilacap (Central Java).

The Priangan dialect, which covers the largest area where Sundanese people lives (Parahyangan in Sundanese), is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools (equivalent to twelfth-year school grade) in West Java and Banten Province.

Writing

The language has been written in different writing systems throughout history. The earliest attested documents of the Sundanese language were written in the Old Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Kuno). After the arrival of Islam, the Pegon script is also used, usually for religious purposes. The Latin script then began to be used after the arrival of Europeans. In modern times, most of Sundanese literature is written in Latin. The regional government of West Java and Banten are currently promoting the use of Standard Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Baku) in public places and road signs. The Pegon script is still used mostly by pesantrens (Islamic boarding school) in West Java and Banten or in Sundanese Islamic literature.^[5]

Phonology

Sundanese orthography is highly phonemic (see also Sundanese script).

Vowels

There are seven vowels: a /a/, é /?/, i /i/, o /?/, u /u/, e /?/, and eu /?/.^[6]

Consonants

According to Müller-Gotama (2001) there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology: /b/, /t?/, /d/, /?/, /h/, /d?/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /?/, /t/, /?/, /w/, /j/; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as /f/, /v/, /z/ (as in fonem, qur'an, xerox, zakat). The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with the letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c (pronounced /t?/), j /d/, h, ng (/?/), ny /?/, m, n, s /s/, w, l, r /r~?/, and y /j/. Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f -> p, v -> p, sy -> s, sh -> s, z -> j, and kh /x/ -> h (similar to Korean language)^{[clarification needed]}.

Ephentetic semivowels /w/ and /j/ are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in the words:

• kuéh - /kuw?h/
• muih - /muwih/
• béar - /bejar/
• miang - /mija?/

Register

Sundanese has an elaborate system of register distinguishing two basic levels of formality: kasar (low, informal) and lemes (high, formal).^[7]

For many words, there are distinct kasar and lemes forms, e.g. arek (kasar) vs. bade (lemes) "want", maca (kasar) vs. maos (lemes) "read". In the lemes level, some words further distinguish humble and respectful forms, the former being used to refer to oneself, and the latter for the addressee and third persons, e.g. rorompok "(my own) house" vs. bumi "(your or someone else's) house" (the kasar form is imah).

Similar systems of speech levels are found in Javanese, Madurese, Balinese and Sasak.

Grammar

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Root word

Root verb

Plural form

Other Austronesian languages commonly use reduplication to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts the ar infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with l, or contains r following the infix, the infix ar becomes al. Also, as with other Sundanese infixes (such as um), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix. Examples:

1. Mangga A, tarahuna haneut kénéh. "Please sir, the bean curds are still warm/hot." The plural form of tahu 'bean curd, tofu' is formed by infixing ar after the initial consonant.
2. Barudak leutik lalumpatan. "Small children running around." Barudak "children" is formed from budak (child) with the ar infix; in lumpat (run) the ar infix becomes al because lumpat starts with l.
3. Ieu kaén batik aralus sadayana. "All of these batik clothes are beautiful." Formed from alus (nice, beautiful, good) with the infix ar that becomes a prefix because alus starts with a vowel. It denotes the adjective "beautiful" for the plural subject/noun (batik clothes).
4. Siswa sakola éta mah balageur. "The students of that school are well-behaved." Formed from bageur ("good-behaving, nice, polite, helpful") with the infix ar, which becomes al because of r in the root, to denote the adjective "well-behaved" for plural students.

However, it is reported that this use of al instead of ar (as illustrated in (4) above) does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example, the plural form of the adjective curiga (suspicious) is caruriga and not *caluriga, because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable.^[8]

The prefix can be reduplicated to denote very-, or the plural of groups. For example, "bararudak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children (budak is child in Sundanese). Another example, "balalageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved".

Active form

Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to the root, as with diuk "sit" or dahar "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root:

1. Initial /d/, /b/, /f/, /?/, /h/, /j/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /z/ can be put after prefix nga like in ngadahar.
2. Initial /i/, /e/, /u/, /a/, /o/ can be put after prefix ng like in nginum "drink".

Negation

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)

Abdi henteu acan neda. "I have not eaten yet."

Buku abdi mah sanés nu ieu. "My book is not this one."

Question

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)

Dupi -(question)

example:saya

Polite-

• Dupi Bapa aya di bumi? "Is your father at home?"
• Dupi bumi di palih mana? "Where do you live?"

Interrogatives

Passive form

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)

Buku dibantun ku abdi. "The book is brought by me." Dibantun is the passive form ngabantun "bring".

Pulpen ditambut ku abdi. "The pen is borrowed by me."

Soal ieu digawekeun ku abdi. "This problem is done by me."

Adjectives

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)

Examples:

teuas (hard), tiis (cool), hipu (soft), lada (hot/spicy, usually for foods), haneut (warm), etc.

Prepositions

Place

Time

Miscellaneous

Languages spoken in Java.

See also

• Kidung Sunda
• Sundanese alphabet
• Sundanese (Unicode block)

References

Further reading

• Rigg, Jonathan (1862). A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java. Batavia: Lange & Co.
• S. Coolsma (1985). Tata Bahasa Sunda. Jakarta: Djambatan.
• Blust, Robert (2010). "The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. University of Hawai'i Press. 49 (1): 44-118. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0060. JSTOR 40783586. S2CID 145459318.
• Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian languages. Asia-Pacific Linguistics 8 (revised ed.). Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 9781922185075.

External links

• Sundanese-Indonesian and Indonesian-Sundanese Dictionary
• Sundanese converter Latin-Sudanese script (Aksara Sunda)
• Indonesian-Sundanese Translator

• http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/sundanese/