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Nùng
Native to	Vietnam
Ethnicity	Nung
Native speakers	968,800 (2009 census)
Language family	Kra-Dai Tai Central Tai Nùng; ; ;
Language codes
	nut
Glottolog	nung1283
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Nùng is a Tai-Kadai language spoken mostly in Cao B?ng and L?ng S?n provinces in Vietnam. It is also known as Bu-Nong, Highland Nùng, Nong, Tai Nùng, Tay, and Tày Nùng. Nùng is the name given to the various Tai languages of northern Vietnam that are spoken by peoples classified as Nùng by the Vietnamese government.

In the 1999 census, it had about 856,000 speakers. It had about 968,800 speakers in the 2009 census.

Phonology

The following are the sounds of the Nùng language:^[2]

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k	?
	aspirated	p?	t?			k?
	implosive	?	?
Affricate				t?
Fricative	voiceless	f	s				h
	voiced	v		?
	lateral		?
Nasal		m	n		?	?
Approximant		w	l		j, j?

Phoneme	Allophone
/k?/	[k?]
/w/	[u?]
/j/	[i?]
/j?/	[], [?]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i i:	? ?:	u u:
High-mid	e:		o:
Mid		?:
Low-mid			? ?:
Low	æ æ:	a a:

Phoneme	Allophone	Notes
/e:/	[e?]	in closed syllables
/æ/	[?]
/?/	[?]
/?:/	[?:]
/?:/	[?]	in closed syllables
/u:/	[u?]	before /n/
/o:/	[o?]	before /n/
/?:/	[?]
/?/	[]	before /?/

Tone

The Nùng language has six tones:

Tones
á	?
a	?
à	?
a?
á+glottal
à+glottal

Varieties

Nùng consists of many varieties, some of which are listed below.^[3]^[4]

Nùng Ph?n Slinh (Nohng F?n Slihng) is spoken in eastern L?ng S?n Province. It is spoken by approximately 100,000 people (Freiberger 1976a). Freiberger (1976a) is based on Nùng Ph?n Slinh as spoken by refugees from B?c Giang Province who had moved to Lâm ng Province in 1954 (then known as Tuyên c Province, which consisted of ?à L?t, n Dng District, c Tr?ng District, L?c Dng District^[5]). Freiberger (1976) also reported Nùng Ph?n Slinh refugees in Biên Hòa Province and Long Khánh Province, which were former administrative divisions in South Vietnam.
Nùng Cháo is spoken around L?ng S?n city. It is identical with William J. Gedney's Lungchow.
Nùng Inh is spoken in western L?ng S?n Province. It is identical with William J. Gedney's Western Nùng of Mng Khng, Lào Cai Province.
Nùng An is spoken in and around Qu?ng Uyên, Qu?ng Hòa District, Cao B?ng. Like the Long'an () speakers of Guangxi, it has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features.
Nùng Giang is spoken in Hà Qu?ng District, Cao B?ng. It is also spoken across the border in Pingmeng (), Jingxi County, Guangxi, where it is known as Yang Zhuang.

Nùng Vên (En), a language formerly undistinguished from surrounding Central Tai (Nùng) dialects, was discovered to be a Kra language by Hoàng V?n Ma and Jerold A. Edmondson in 1998. Its speakers are classified as Nùng by the Vietnamese government.

References

^ Nùng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
^ Saul, Janice E.; Wilson, Nancy Freiberger (1980). Nung Grammar. Summer Institute of Linguistics: Publications in Linguistics, 62: Dallas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 5-13.CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Edmondson, Jerold A., Solnit, David B. (eds). 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
^ http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/map.html
^ http://www.vnafmamn.com/dalat_lostshangrila.html

Freiberger, Nancy; Vy Th? Bé (1976a). S?c m?hn Sl? Nohng F?n Slihng: Ng? v?ng Nùng Ph?n Slinh (Nung Fan Slihng Vocabulary). Series 64 E72. Summer Institute of Linguistics (Vi?n Chuyên Kh?o Ng? H?c).
Freiberger, Nancy (1976b). Thòi c? c?hn Nohng F?n Slihng: Phong t?c t?p quán c?a ngi Nùng Ph?n Slinh (Culture and Folklore of the Nung Fan Slihng). Series 64 E16. Summer Institute of Linguistics (Vi?n Chuyên Kh?o Ng? H?c), Mainland Southeast Asia Branch.
Vy Th? Bé; Janice E. Saul; Nancy Freiberger Wilson (1982). Nung Fan Slihng - English Dictionary. Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics (Vi?n Chuyên Kh?o Ng? H?c).