Molar Ionization Energies of the Elements
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Molar Ionization Energies of the Elements
Table of molar ionization energies for the chemical elements
These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ?mol-1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see Ionization energies of the elements (data page). All data from rutherfordium onwards is predicted.
1st–10th
number |
symbol |
name
|
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
4th |
5th |
6th |
7th |
8th |
9th |
10th
|
---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
---|
1 |
H |
hydrogen
|
1312.0
|
2 |
He |
helium
|
2372.3 |
5250.5
|
3 |
Li |
lithium
|
520.2 |
7298.1 |
11,815.0
|
4 |
Be |
beryllium
|
899.5 |
1757.1 |
14,848.7 |
21,006.6
|
5 |
B |
boron
|
800.6 |
2427.1 |
3659.7 |
25,025.8 |
32,826.7
|
6 |
C |
carbon
|
1086.5 |
2352.6 |
4620.5 |
6222.7 |
37,831 |
47,277.0
|
7 |
N |
nitrogen
|
1402.3 |
2856 |
4578.1 |
7475.0 |
9444.9 |
53,266.6 |
64,360
|
8 |
O |
oxygen
|
1313.9 |
3388.3 |
5300.5 |
7469.2 |
10,989.5 |
13,326.5 |
71,330 |
84,078.0
|
9 |
F |
fluorine
|
1681.0 |
3374.2 |
6050.4 |
8407.7 |
11,022.7 |
15,164.1 |
17,868 |
92,038.1 |
106,434.3
|
10 |
Ne |
neon
|
2080.7 |
3952.3 |
6122 |
9371 |
12,177 |
15,238 |
19,999.0 |
23,069.5 |
115,379.5 |
131,432
|
11 |
Na |
sodium
|
495.8 |
4562 |
6910.3 |
9543 |
13,354 |
16,613 |
20,117 |
25,496 |
28,932 |
141,362
|
12 |
Mg |
magnesium
|
737.7 |
1450.7 |
7732.7 |
10,542.5 |
13,630 |
18,020 |
21,711 |
25,661 |
31,653 |
35,458
|
13 |
Al |
aluminium
|
577.5 |
1816.7 |
2744.8 |
11,577 |
14,842 |
18,379 |
23,326 |
27,465 |
31,853 |
38,473
|
14 |
Si |
silicon
|
786.5 |
1577.1 |
3231.6 |
4355.5 |
16,091 |
19,805 |
23,780 |
29,287 |
33,878 |
38,726
|
15 |
P |
phosphorus
|
1011.8 |
1907 |
2914.1 |
4963.6 |
6273.9 |
21,267 |
25,431 |
29,872 |
35,905 |
40,950
|
16 |
S |
sulfur
|
999.6 |
2252 |
3357 |
4556 |
7004.3 |
8495.8 |
27,107 |
31,719 |
36,621 |
43,177
|
17 |
Cl |
chlorine
|
1251.2 |
2298 |
3822 |
5158.6 |
6542 |
9362 |
11,018 |
33,604 |
38,600 |
43,961
|
18 |
Ar |
argon
|
1520.6 |
2665.8 |
3931 |
5771 |
7238 |
8781 |
11,995 |
13,842 |
40,760 |
46,186
|
19 |
K |
potassium
|
418.8 |
3052 |
4420 |
5877 |
7975 |
9590 |
11,343 |
14,944 |
16,963.7 |
48,610
|
20 |
Ca |
calcium
|
589.8 |
1145.4 |
4912.4 |
6491 |
8153 |
10,496 |
12,270 |
14,206 |
18,191 |
20,385
|
21 |
Sc |
scandium
|
633.1 |
1235.0 |
2388.6 |
7090.6 |
8843 |
10,679 |
13,310 |
15,250 |
17,370 |
21,726
|
22 |
Ti |
titanium
|
658.8 |
1309.8 |
2652.5 |
4174.6 |
9581 |
11,533 |
13,590 |
16,440 |
18,530 |
20,833
|
23 |
V |
vanadium
|
650.9 |
1414 |
2830 |
4507 |
6298.7 |
12,363 |
14,530 |
16,730 |
19,860 |
22,240
|
24 |
Cr |
chromium
|
652.9 |
1590.6 |
2987 |
4743 |
6702 |
8744.9 |
15,455 |
17,820 |
20,190 |
23,580
|
25 |
Mn |
manganese
|
717.3 |
1509.0 |
3248 |
4940 |
6990 |
9220 |
11,500 |
18,770 |
21,400 |
23,960
|
26 |
Fe |
iron
|
762.5 |
1561.9 |
2957 |
5290 |
7240 |
9560 |
12,060 |
14,580 |
22,540 |
25,290
|
27 |
Co |
cobalt
|
760.4 |
1648 |
3232 |
4950 |
7670 |
9840 |
12,440 |
15,230 |
17,959 |
26,570
|
28 |
Ni |
nickel
|
737.1 |
1753.0 |
3395 |
5300 |
7339 |
10,400 |
12,800 |
15,600 |
18,600 |
21,670
|
29 |
Cu |
copper
|
745.5 |
1957.9 |
3555 |
5536 |
7700 |
9900 |
13,400 |
16,000 |
19,200 |
22,400
|
30 |
Zn |
zinc
|
906.4 |
1733.3 |
3833 |
5731 |
7970 |
10,400 |
12,900 |
16,800 |
19,600 |
23,000
|
31 |
Ga |
gallium
|
578.8 |
1979.3 |
2963 |
6180
|
32 |
Ge |
germanium
|
762 |
1537.5 |
3302.1 |
4411 |
9020
|
33 |
As |
arsenic
|
947.0 |
1798 |
2735 |
4837 |
6043 |
12,310
|
34 |
Se |
selenium
|
941.0 |
2045 |
2973.7 |
4144 |
6590 |
7880 |
14,990
|
35 |
Br |
bromine
|
1139.9 |
2103 |
3470 |
4560 |
5760 |
8550 |
9940 |
18,600
|
36 |
Kr |
krypton
|
1350.8 |
2350.4 |
3565 |
5070 |
6240 |
7570 |
10,710 |
12,138 |
22,274 |
25,880
|
37 |
Rb |
rubidium
|
403.0 |
2633 |
3860 |
5080 |
6850 |
8140 |
9570 |
13,120 |
14,500 |
26,740
|
38 |
Sr |
strontium
|
549.5 |
1064.2 |
4138 |
5500 |
6910 |
8760 |
10,230 |
11,800 |
15,600 |
17,100
|
39 |
Y |
yttrium
|
600 |
1180 |
1980 |
5847 |
7430 |
8970 |
11,190 |
12,450 |
14,110 |
18,400
|
40 |
Zr |
zirconium
|
640.1 |
1270 |
2218 |
3313 |
7752 |
9500
|
41 |
Nb |
niobium
|
652.1 |
1380 |
2416 |
3700 |
4877 |
9847 |
12,100
|
42 |
Mo |
molybdenum
|
684.3 |
1560 |
2618 |
4480 |
5257 |
6640.8 |
12,125 |
13,860 |
15,835 |
17,980
|
43 |
Tc |
technetium
|
702 |
1470 |
2850
|
44 |
Ru |
ruthenium
|
710.2 |
1620 |
2747
|
45 |
Rh |
rhodium
|
719.7 |
1740 |
2997
|
46 |
Pd |
palladium
|
804.4 |
1870 |
3177
|
47 |
Ag |
silver
|
731.0 |
2070 |
3361
|
48 |
Cd |
cadmium
|
867.8 |
1631.4 |
3616
|
49 |
In |
indium
|
558.3 |
1820.7 |
2704 |
5210
|
50 |
Sn |
tin
|
708.6 |
1411.8 |
2943.0 |
3930.3 |
7456
|
51 |
Sb |
antimony
|
834 |
1594.9 |
2440 |
4260 |
5400 |
10,400
|
52 |
Te |
tellurium
|
869.3 |
1790 |
2698 |
3610 |
5668 |
6820 |
13,200
|
53 |
I |
iodine
|
1008.4 |
1845.9 |
3180
|
54 |
Xe |
xenon
|
1170.4 |
2046.4 |
3099.4
|
55 |
Cs |
caesium
|
375.7 |
2234.3 |
3400
|
56 |
Ba |
barium
|
502.9 |
965.2 |
3600
|
57 |
La |
lanthanum
|
538.1 |
1067 |
1850.3 |
4819 |
5940
|
58 |
Ce |
cerium
|
534.4 |
1050 |
1949 |
3547 |
6325 |
7490
|
59 |
Pr |
praseodymium
|
527 |
1020 |
2086 |
3761 |
5551
|
60 |
Nd |
neodymium
|
533.1 |
1040 |
2130 |
3900
|
61 |
Pm |
promethium
|
540 |
1050 |
2150 |
3970
|
62 |
Sm |
samarium
|
544.5 |
1070 |
2260 |
3990
|
63 |
Eu |
europium
|
547.1 |
1085 |
2404 |
4120
|
64 |
Gd |
gadolinium
|
593.4 |
1170 |
1990 |
4250
|
65 |
Tb |
terbium
|
565.8 |
1110 |
2114 |
3839
|
66 |
Dy |
dysprosium
|
573.0 |
1130 |
2200 |
3990
|
67 |
Ho |
holmium
|
581.0 |
1140 |
2204 |
4100
|
68 |
Er |
erbium
|
589.3 |
1150 |
2194 |
4120
|
69 |
Tm |
thulium
|
596.7 |
1160 |
2285 |
4120
|
70 |
Yb |
ytterbium
|
603.4 |
1174.8 |
2417 |
4203
|
71 |
Lu |
lutetium
|
523.5 |
1340 |
2022.3 |
4370 |
6445
|
72 |
Hf |
hafnium
|
658.5 |
1440 |
2250 |
3216
|
73 |
Ta |
tantalum
|
761 |
1500
|
74 |
W |
tungsten
|
770 |
1700
|
75 |
Re |
rhenium
|
760 |
1260 |
2510 |
3640
|
76 |
Os |
osmium
|
840 |
1600
|
77 |
Ir |
iridium
|
880 |
1600
|
78 |
Pt |
platinum
|
870 |
1791
|
79 |
Au |
gold
|
890.1 |
1980
|
80 |
Hg |
mercury
|
1007.1 |
1810 |
3300
|
81 |
Tl |
thallium
|
589.4 |
1971 |
2878
|
82 |
Pb |
lead
|
715.6 |
1450.5 |
3081.5 |
4083 |
6640
|
83 |
Bi |
bismuth
|
703 |
1610 |
2466 |
4370 |
5400 |
8520
|
84 |
Po |
polonium
|
812.1
|
85 |
At |
astatine
|
899.003
|
86 |
Rn |
radon
|
1037
|
87 |
Fr |
francium
|
380
|
88 |
Ra |
radium
|
509.3 |
979.0
|
89 |
Ac |
actinium
|
499 |
1170 |
1900 |
4700
|
90 |
Th |
thorium
|
587 |
1110 |
1978 |
2780
|
91 |
Pa |
protactinium
|
568 |
1128 |
1814 |
2991
|
92 |
U |
uranium
|
597.6 |
1420 |
1900 |
3145
|
93 |
Np |
neptunium
|
604.5 |
1128 |
1997 |
3242
|
94 |
Pu |
plutonium
|
584.7 |
1128 |
2084 |
3338
|
95 |
Am |
americium
|
578 |
1158 |
2132 |
3493
|
96 |
Cm |
curium
|
581 |
1196 |
2026 |
3550
|
97 |
Bk |
berkelium
|
601 |
1186 |
2152 |
3434
|
98 |
Cf |
californium
|
608 |
1206 |
2267 |
3599
|
99 |
Es |
einsteinium
|
619 |
1216 |
2334 |
3734
|
100 |
Fm |
fermium
|
627 |
1225 |
2363 |
3792
|
101 |
Md |
mendelevium
|
635 |
1235 |
2470 |
3840
|
102 |
No |
nobelium
|
642 |
1254 |
2643 |
3956
|
103 |
Lr |
lawrencium
|
470 |
1428 |
2228 |
4910
|
104 |
Rf |
rutherfordium
|
580 |
1390 |
2300 |
3080
|
105 |
Db |
dubnium
|
665 |
1547 |
2378 |
3299 |
4305
|
106 |
Sg |
seaborgium
|
757 |
1733 |
2484 |
3416 |
4562 |
5716
|
107 |
Bh |
bohrium
|
740 |
1690 |
2570 |
3600 |
4730 |
5990 |
7230
|
108 |
Hs |
hassium
|
730 |
1760 |
2830 |
3640 |
4940 |
6180 |
7540 |
8860
|
109 |
Mt |
meitnerium
|
800 |
1820 |
2900 |
3900 |
4900
|
110 |
Ds |
darmstadtium
|
960 |
1890 |
3030 |
4000 |
5100
|
111 |
Rg |
roentgenium
|
1020 |
2070 |
3080 |
4100 |
5300
|
112 |
Cn |
copernicium
|
1155 |
2170 |
3160 |
4200 |
5500
|
113 |
Nh |
nihonium
|
707.2 |
2309 |
3226 |
4382 |
5638
|
114 |
Fl |
flerovium
|
832.2 |
1600 |
3370 |
4400 |
5850
|
115 |
Mc |
moscovium
|
538.3 |
1760 |
2650 |
4680 |
5720
|
116 |
Lv |
livermorium
|
663.9 |
1330 |
2850 |
3810 |
6080
|
117 |
Ts |
tennessine
|
736.9 |
1435.4 |
2161.9 |
4012.9 |
5076.4
|
118 |
Og |
oganesson
|
860.1 |
1560
|
119 |
Uue |
ununennium
|
462.0 |
1700
|
120 |
Ubn |
unbinilium
|
563.3 |
895- 919
|
121 |
Ubu |
unbiunium
|
300 |
1110 |
1710 |
4270
|
122 |
Ubb |
unbibium
|
540 |
1090 |
1848 |
2520
|
11th–20th
number |
symbol |
name
|
11th |
12th |
13th |
14th |
15th |
16th |
17th |
18th |
19th |
20th
|
---|
11 |
Na |
sodium
|
159,076
|
12 |
Mg |
magnesium
|
169,988 |
189,368
|
13 |
Al |
aluminium
|
42,647 |
201,266 |
222,316
|
14 |
Si |
silicon
|
45,962 |
50,502 |
235,196 |
257,923
|
15 |
P |
phosphorus
|
46,261 |
54,110 |
59,024 |
271,791 |
296,195
|
16 |
S |
sulfur
|
48,710 |
54,460 |
62,930 |
68,216 |
311,048 |
337,138
|
17 |
Cl |
chlorine
|
51,068 |
57,119 |
63,363 |
72,341 |
78,095 |
352,994 |
380,760
|
18 |
Ar |
argon
|
52,002 |
59,653 |
66,199 |
72,918 |
82,473 |
88,576 |
397,605 |
427,066
|
19 |
K |
potassium
|
54,490 |
60,730 |
68,950 |
75,900 |
83,080 |
93,400 |
99,710 |
444,880 |
476,063
|
20 |
Ca |
calcium
|
57,110 |
63,410 |
70,110 |
78,890 |
86,310 |
94,000 |
104,900 |
111,711 |
494,850 |
527,762
|
21 |
Sc |
scandium
|
24,102 |
66,320 |
73,010 |
80,160 |
89,490 |
97,400 |
105,600 |
117,000 |
124,270 |
547,530
|
22 |
Ti |
titanium
|
25,575 |
28,125 |
76,015 |
83,280 |
90,880 |
100,700 |
109,100 |
117,800 |
129,900 |
137,530
|
23 |
V |
vanadium
|
24,670 |
29,730 |
32,446 |
86,450 |
94,170 |
102,300 |
112,700 |
121,600 |
130,700 |
143,400
|
24 |
Cr |
chromium
|
26,130 |
28,750 |
34,230 |
37,066 |
97,510 |
105,800 |
114,300 |
125,300 |
134,700 |
144,300
|
25 |
Mn |
manganese
|
27,590 |
30,330 |
33,150 |
38,880 |
41,987 |
109,480 |
118,100 |
127,100 |
138,600 |
148,500
|
26 |
Fe |
iron
|
28,000 |
31,920 |
34,830 |
37,840 |
44,100 |
47,206 |
122,200 |
131,000 |
140,500 |
152,600
|
27 |
Co |
cobalt
|
29,400 |
32,400 |
36,600 |
39,700 |
42,800 |
49,396 |
52,737 |
134,810 |
145,170 |
154,700
|
28 |
Ni |
nickel
|
30,970 |
34,000 |
37,100 |
41,500 |
44,800 |
48,100 |
55,101 |
58,570 |
148,700 |
159,000
|
29 |
Cu |
copper
|
25,600 |
35,600 |
38,700 |
42,000 |
46,700 |
50,200 |
53,700 |
61,100 |
64,702 |
163,700
|
30 |
Zn |
zinc
|
26,400 |
29,990 |
40,490 |
43,800 |
47,300 |
52,300 |
55,900 |
59,700 |
67,300 |
171,200
|
36 |
Kr |
krypton
|
29,700 |
33,800 |
37,700 |
43,100 |
47,500 |
52,200 |
57,100 |
61,800 |
75,800 |
80,400
|
38 |
Sr |
strontium
|
31,270
|
39 |
Y |
yttrium
|
19,900 |
36,090
|
42 |
Mo |
molybdenum
|
20,190 |
22,219 |
26,930 |
29,196 |
52,490 |
55,000 |
61,400 |
67,700 |
74,000 |
80,400
|
21st–30th
number |
symbol |
name
|
21st |
22nd |
23rd |
24th |
25th |
26th |
27th |
28th |
29th |
30th
|
---|
21 |
Sc |
scandium
|
582,163
|
22 |
Ti |
titanium
|
602,930 |
639,294
|
23 |
V |
vanadium
|
151,440 |
661,050 |
699,144
|
24 |
Cr |
chromium
|
157,700 |
166,090 |
721,870 |
761,733
|
25 |
Mn |
manganese
|
158,600 |
172,500 |
181,380 |
785,450 |
827,067
|
26 |
Fe |
iron
|
163,000 |
173,600 |
188,100 |
195,200 |
851,800 |
895,161
|
27 |
Co |
cobalt
|
167,400 |
178,100 |
189,300 |
204,500 |
214,100 |
920,870 |
966,023
|
28 |
Ni |
nickel
|
169,400 |
182,700 |
194,000 |
205,600 |
221,400 |
231,490 |
992,718 |
1,039,668
|
29 |
Cu |
copper
|
174,100 |
184,900 |
198,800 |
210,500 |
222,700 |
239,100 |
249,660 |
1,067,358 |
1,116,105
|
30 |
Zn |
zinc
|
179,100
|
36 |
Kr |
krypton
|
85,300 |
90,400 |
96,300 |
101,400 |
111,100 |
116,290 |
282,500 |
296,200 |
311,400 |
326,200
|
42 |
Mo |
molybdenum
|
87,000 |
93,400 |
98,420 |
104,400 |
121,900 |
127,700 |
133,800 |
139,800 |
148,100 |
154,500
|
References