Law and Justice
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Law and Justice

Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo i Sprawiedliwo ['prav? i spravj?d'livt?] ; PiS) is a national-conservative,[2][23][32]Christian democratic and [14][15][32]right-wing populist[33][34][35][36][37]political party in Poland, a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party.[38] With 199 seats in Polish Sejm and 48 in the Senate, PiS is currently the largest political party in the Polish parliament. The current twenty-five PiS MEPs sit in the European Conservatives and Reformists Group in the European Parliament.

The party was founded in 2001 by the Kaczy?ski twins, Lech and Jaros?aw as centrist and Christian democratic party. It was formed from part of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), with the Christian democratic Centre Agreement forming the new party's core.[39] The party won the 2005 election, while Lech Kaczy?ski won the presidency. Law and Justice formed coalition with far-right (now moderate right) League of Polish Families and populist Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland. Jaros?aw served as Prime Minister, before calling elections in 2007, in which the party came in second to Civic Platform (PO). In these elections PiS lost most of the moderate electorate and took over voters from former coalition members and turned to nationalism and populism. League of Polish Families and Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland had no longer members in parliament. Several leading members, including sitting president Lech Kaczy?ski, died in a plane crash in 2010.

The party programme is dominated by the Kaczy?skis' conservative and law and order agenda.[39] It has embraced economic interventionism, while maintaining a socially conservative stance that in 2005 moved towards the Catholic Church;[39] the party's Catholic-nationalist wing split off in 2011 to form Solidary Poland but then formed a joint ballot with PiS before the 2015 elections. The party is solidarist and mildly Eurosceptic, and shares similar political tactics with Hungary's Fidesz but with anti-Russian stances.

History

Formation

The party was created on a wave of popularity gained by late president of Poland Lech Kaczy?ski while heading the Polish Ministry of Justice (June 2000 to July 2001) in the AWS-led government, although local committees began appearing from 22 March 2001. The AWS itself was created from a diverse array of many small political parties.

In the 2001 general election, PiS gained 44 (of 460) seats in the lower chamber of the Polish Parliament (Sejm) with 9.5% of votes. In 2002, Lech Kaczy?ski was elected mayor of Warsaw. He handed the party leadership to his twin brother in 2003.

In coalition government: 2005-2007

In the 2005 general election, PiS took first place with 27.0% of votes, which gave it 155 out of 460 seats in the Sejm and 49 out of 100 seats in the Senate. It was almost universally expected that the two largest parties, PiS and Civic Platform (PO), would form a coalition government.[39] The putative coalition parties had a falling out, however, related to a fierce contest for the Polish presidency. In the end, Lech Kaczy?ski won the second round of the presidential election on 23 October 2005 with 54.0% of the vote, ahead of Donald Tusk, the PO candidate.

After the 2005 elections, Jaros?aw should have become Prime Minister. However, in order to improve his brother's chances of winning the presidential election (the first round of which was scheduled two weeks after the parliamentary election), PiS formed a minority government headed by Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz as prime minister, an arrangement that eventually turned out to be unworkable. In July 2006, PiS formed a right-wing coalition government with the agrarian populist Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland and nationalist League of Polish Families, headed by Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski. Association with these parties, on the margins of Polish politics, severely affected the reputation of PiS. When accusations of corruption and sexual harassment against Andrzej Lepper, the leader of Self Defense, surfaced, PiS chose to end the coalition and called for new elections.[]

In opposition: 2007-2015

Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski and Andrzej Duda, 18 April 2013

In the 2007 general election, PiS managed to secure 32.1% of votes. Although an improvement over its showing from 2005, the results were nevertheless a defeat for the party, as Civic Platform (PO) gathered 41.5%. The party won 166 out of 460 seats in the Sejm and 39 seats in Poland's Senate.

On 10 April 2010, its former leader Lech Kaczy?ski died in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash. Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski becomes the sole leader of the party. He was the presidential candidate in the 2010 elections, and lost again in the 2011 general election.

In majority government: 2015-present

A KOD demonstration in Warsaw against the ruling Law and Justice party, on 7 May 2016

The party won the 2015 parliamentary election, this time with an outright majority--something no Polish party had done since the fall of Communism. In the normal course of events, this should have made Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski prime minister for a second time. However, Beata Szyd?o, perceived as being somewhat more moderate than Kaczy?ski, had been tapped as PiS' candidate for prime minister.[40][41]

The Law and Justice government has been accused of posing a threat to the Polish liberal democratic system by majority of opposition groups.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48] PiS' 2015 victory prompted creation of a cross-party opposition movement, the Committee for the Defence of Democracy (KOD). Law and Justice has supported controversial reforms carried out by the Hungarian Fidesz party, with Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski declaring in 2011 that "a day will come when we have a Budapest in Warsaw".[49] Proposed 2017 judicial reforms, which according to the party were meant to improve efficiency of the justice system, sparked protest as they were seen as undermining judicial independence.[50][51][52][53][54] As of December 2017, the draft bill is being amended following a veto from President Andrzej Duda.[]

Law and Justice has been accused by The Economist for undermining democracy and the rule of law and promoting right wing extremism.[55] However, it still enjoys support from many within the country, as some see it as a force that restored rule of law after the perceived corruption of the Civic Platform, exemplified for instance, by the inability of the Civic Platform's government to properly gather VAT taxes,[56] as well as it's politicians being involved in the reprivatization scandal in Warsaw.[57]

The party won reelection in the 2019 parliamentary election, With 44% of the popular vote, Law and Justice received the highest vote share by any party since Poland returned to democracy in 1989.

Breakaways

In January 2010, a breakaway faction led by Jerzy Polaczek split from the party to form Poland Plus. Its seven members of the Sejm came from the centrist, economically liberal wing of the party. On 24 September 2010, the group was disbanded, with most of its Sejm members, including Polaczek, returning to Law and Justice.

On 16 November 2010, MPs Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska, El?bieta Jakubiak and Pawe? Poncyljusz, and MEPs Adam Bielan and Micha? Kami?ski formed a new political group, Poland Comes First (Polska jest Najwa?niejsza).[58] Kami?ski said that the Law and Justice party had been taken over by far-right extremists. The breakaway party formed following dissatisfaction with the direction and leadership of Kaczy?ski.[59]

On 4 November 2011, MEPs Zbigniew Ziobro, Jacek Kurski, and Tadeusz Cyma?ski were ejected from the party, after Ziobro urged the party to split further into two separate parties - centrist and nationalist - with the three representing the nationalist faction.[60] Ziobro's supporters, most of whom on the right-wing of the party, formed a new group in Parliament called Solidary Poland,[61] leading to their expulsion, too.[62] United Poland was formed as a formally separate party in March 2012, but has not threatened Law and Justice in opinion polls.[63]

Base of support

Law and Justice's main support (dark blue) is concentrated in the south-east of the country (former Russian Partition and Austrian Partition), results of the 2015 Polish parliamentary election
Law and Justice's main support (dark blue). increased support in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election

Like Civic Platform, but unlike the fringe parties to the right, Law and Justice originated from the secular, anti-communist Solidarity trade union (which is a major cleavage in Polish politics).[64] Solidarity's leadership wanted to back Law and Justice in 2005, but was held back by the union's last experience of party politics, in backing Solidarity Electoral Action.[39]

Today, the party enjoys great support among working class constituencies and union members. Groups that vote for the party are miners, farmers, shopkeepers, unskilled workers, unemployed and pensioners. With its left-wing approach toward economics, the party attracts these voters who did not benefit from economic liberalisation and European integration,[65] and their economic situation did not improve significantly since 1989. The strongest voting block are older, religious people who value the conservative principles the party represents and patriotism. PiS voters are usually located in rural areas and small towns. The strongest region of support is the southern-eastern part of the country. People without a university degree prefer the party more than more educated ones. Recently, younger voters heve begun to support PiS more than in previous years.[]

Regionally, it has more support in regions of Poland that were historically part of western Galicia-Lodomeria and Congress Poland.[66] Since 2015, the borders of support are not as clear as before and party enjoys support in western parts of country, especially these deprived ones.[] Large cities in all regions are more likely to vote for more liberal party like PO or .N. Still PiS receives good support from poor and working class areas in large cities.[]

Based on this voter profile, Law and Justice form the core of the conservative post-Solidarity bloc, along with the League of Polish Families and Solidarity Electoral Action, as opposed to liberal conservative post-Solidarity bloc of Civic Platform.[67] The most prominent feature of PiS voters was their emphasis on decommunisation.[68]

Ideology

Initially the party was broadly pro-market, although less so than the Civic Platform.[65] It has adopted the social market economy rhetoric similar to that of western European Christian democratic parties.[39] In the 2005 election, the party shifted to the protectionist left on economics.[65] As Prime Minister, Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz was more economically liberal than the Kaczy?skis, advocating a position closer to Civic Platform.[69] However, unlike Civic Platform, whose emphasis is the economy, Law and Justice's focus during their first term in power was fighting corruption.[65]

On foreign policy, PiS is Atlanticist and less supportive of European integration than Civic Platform.[65] The party is soft eurosceptic,[70][71] and opposes a federal Europe. In its campaigns, it emphasises that the European Union should 'benefit Poland and not the other way around'.[72] It is a member of the anti-federalist European Conservatives and Reformists Party, having previously been a part of the Alliance for Europe of the Nations and, before that, the European People's Party.[39][73]

Platform

Beata Szyd?o - Narodowe ?wi?to Niepodleg?o?ci

Economy

The party supports a state-guaranteed minimum social safety net and state intervention in the economy within market economy bounds. During the 2015 election campaign it proposed tax decrease to two personal tax rates (18% and 32%) and tax rebates related to the number of children in a family, as well as a reduction of the VAT rate (while keeping a variation between individual types of VAT rates). 18% and 32% tax rates were eventually implemented. Also: a continuation of privatization with the exclusion of several dozen state companies deemed to be of strategic importance for the country. PiS opposes cutting social welfare spending, and also proposed the introduction of a system of state-guaranteed housing loans. PiS supports state provided universal health care.[74]

National political structures

PiS meeting on National Independence Day

PiS has presented a project for constitutional reform including, among others: allowing the president the right to pass laws by decree (when prompted to do so by the Cabinet), a reduction of the number of members of the Sejm and Senat, and removal of constitutional bodies overseeing the media and monetary policy. PiS advocates increased criminal penalties. It postulates aggressive anti-corruption measures (including creation of an Anti-Corruption Bureau (CBA), open disclosure of the assets of politicians and important public servants), as well as broad and various measures to smooth the working of public institutions.

PiS is a strong supporter of lustration (lustracja), a verification system created ostensibly to combat the influence of the Communist era security apparatus in Polish society. While current lustration laws require the verification of those who serve in public offices, PiS wants to expand the process to include university professors, lawyers, journalists, managers of large companies, and others performing "public functions". Those found to have collaborated with the security service, according to the party, should be forbidden to practice in their professions.

Diplomacy and defense

The party is in favour of strengthening the Polish Army through diminishing bureaucracy and raising military expenditures, especially for modernization of army equipment. PiS planned to introduce a fully professional army and end conscription by 2012 (in August 2008, compulsory military service was abolished in Poland). It is also in favor of participation of Poland in foreign military missions led by the United Nations, NATO and United States, in countries like Afghanistan and Iraq.

Visegrád Group leaders' meeting in Prague, 2015

The party supports integration with the European Union on terms beneficial for Poland. It supports economic integration and tightening the cooperation in areas of energetic security and military, but is skeptical about closer political integration. It is against formation of European superstate or federation. PiS is in favor of strong political and military alliance of Poland with the United States.

In the European Parliament it is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists, a group founded in 2009 to challenge the prevailing pro-federalist ethos of the European Parliament and address the perceived democratic deficit existing at a European level.

Social policies

The party's views on social issues are much more traditionalist than those of social conservative parties in other European countries.

Family policies

The party strongly promotes itself as a pro-family party and encourage married couples to have more children. Prior to 2005 elections, it promised to build 3 million inexpensive housing units as a way to help young couples start a family. Once in government, it passed legislation lengthening parental leaves.

In 2017, the PiS government commenced the so-called "500+" programme under which all parents residing in Poland receive an unconditional monthly payment of 500 PLN for each second and subsequent child (the 500 PLN support for the first child being linked to income). It also revived the idea of a housing programme based on state-supported construction of inexpensive housing units.

In 2017 also the party's MPs passed a law that bans most retail trade on Sundays so that workers can spend more time with their families.

Abortion stance

Even as Poland's abortion laws are among the most restrictive in the European Union, PiS additionally opposes abortion resulting from foetal defects[75] which is currently allowed until specific foetal age.

The party is also against euthanasia and comprehensive sex education. It has also proposed a ban of in-vitro fertilisation.

Disability rights

In April 2018, the PiS government announced a PLN 23 billion (EUR 5.5 billion) programme (named "Accessibility+") aimed at reducing barriers for disabled people, to be implemented 2018-2025.[76][77]

Also in April 2018, parents of disabled adults who required long-term care protested in Sejm over what they considered inadequate state support, in particular, the reduction of support once the child turns 18.[78][79] As a result, the monthly disability benefit for adults was raised by approx. 15 percent to PLN 1,000 (approx. EUR 240) and certain non-cash benefits were instituted, although protesters' demands of an additional monthly cash benefit were rejected.

Gay rights

The party is strongly critical of LGBT rights, and the LGBT rights movement. In particular, it opposes same-sex marriages or any other form of legal recognition of same-sex couples.

On 21 September 2005, Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski said that "homosexuals should not be isolated, however they should not be school teachers for example. Active homosexuals surely not, in any case", but that homosexuals "should not be discriminated otherwise".[80] He has also stated, "The affirmation of homosexuality will lead to the downfall of civilization. We can't agree to it".[81] Lech Kaczynski, while mayor of Warsaw, refused authorization for a gay pride march; declaring that it would be obscene and offensive to other people's religious beliefs. A Warsaw court later ruled that Kaczynski's actions were illegal.[82] Kaczy?ski was quoted as saying, "I am not willing to meet perverts."[83]

In 2016 Beata Szyd?o's government disbanded the Council for the Prevention of Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Intolerance, an advisory body set up in 2011 by then-Prime Minister Donald Tusk. The council monitored, advised and coordinated government action against racism, discrimination and hate crime.[84][85]

Nationalism

Despite being labeled by many former Western Bloc States as a "nationalist" party, PiS' leadership constantly criticizes being offered such label. During the 2008 Polish Independence Day celebrations, Lech Kaczy?ski said in his speech during the visit to the city of Elbl?g that "the state is a great value, and attachment to the state, to one's fatherland, we call patriotism - beware of the word nationalism, as nationalism is evil!"[86] On the same day during the celebrations in Warsaw, L. Kaczy?ski again stated: "patriotism doesn't equal nationalism."[87] In 2011, Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski criticized pre-war Polish nationalism for "its intellectual, political and moral failure" by emphasising that the movement "did not know how to deal with and solve the problems of Polish minorities."[88] Both Kaczy?skis twins look up for inspirations to the pre-war Sanacja movement with its leader Józef Pi?sudski, in contrast to the nationalist Endecja that was led by Pi?sudski's political archrival, Roman Dmowski. In February 2016, politician Pawe? Kowal called Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski a "centre-right politician" who "just like Pi?sudski before the war, he stopped the raise of nationalism in Poland at the time when such ideology clearly gains politically in Western Europe."[89] Polish far-right organizations and parties such as National Revival of Poland, National Movement and Autonomous Nationalists regularly criticize PiS' relative ideological moderation and its politicians for "monopolizing" official political scene by playing on the popular patriotic and religious feelings.[90][91][92]

Refugee and economic migrant policies

PiS opposed the quota system for mass relocation of immigrants proposed by the European Commission to address the 2015 European migrant crisis. This contrasted with the stance of their main political opponents, the Civic Platform, which have signed up to the Commission's proposal.[93] Consequently, in the campaign leading to the 2015 Polish parliamentary election, PiS adopted the discourse typical of the populist-right, linking national security with immigration.[94] Following the election, PiS sometimes utilised Islamophobic rhetoric to rally its supporters.[95]

Examples of anti-migration and anti-Islam comments by PiS politicians when discussing the European migrant crisis:[96] in 2015, Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski stated that Poland "can't" accept any refugees because "they could spread infectious diseases."[97] In 2017, the first Deputy Minister of Justice Patryk Jaki stated that "stopping Islamization is his Westerplatte".[98] In 2017, Interior minister of Poland Mariusz B?aszczak stated that he would like to be like "Charles the Hammer who stopped the Muslim invasion of Europe in the 8th century". In 2017, Deputy Speaker of the Sejm Joachim Brudzi?ski stated during the pro-party rally in Siedlce; "if not for us (PiS), they (Muslims) would have built mosques in here (Poland)."[99]

Leadership

Party chairmen

Election results

Sejm

Election year Leader # of
votes 		% of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/- Government
2001 Lech Kaczy?ski 1,236,787 9.5 (#4)
SLD-UP-PSL
SLD-UP Minority
2005 Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski 3,185,714 27.0 (#1)
Increase 111 PiS-SRP-LPR
2007 Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski 5,183,477 32.1 (#2)
Increase 11 PO-PSL
2011 Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski 4,295,016 29.9 (#2)
Decrease 9 PO-PSL
2015 Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski 5,711,687 37.6 (#1)
* 		Increase 78 PiS
2019 Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski 8,051,935 43.6 (#1)
Steady 0 PiS

*Only 217 of those were actually from the party. 9 of the elected were members of Solidarity for Poland, 8 were members of Poland Together and Jan Klawiter was a member of Right Wing of the Republic. Under an agreement between the two parties he is an independent in the Sejm (not affiliated to any parliamentary faction).[100]

Senate

Election year # of
overall seats won 		+/-
2001
As part of the Senate 2001 coalition, which won 15 seats.
2005
Increase 49
2007
Decrease 10
2011
Decrease 8
2015
Increase 30
2019
Decrease 13

European Parliament

Election year # of
votes 		% of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/-
2004 771,858 12.7 (#3)
2009 2,017,607 27.4 (#2)
Increase 8
2014 2,246,870 31.8 (#2)
* 		Increase 4
2019 6,192,780 45.38 (#1)
* 		Increase 8

*Currently 16: Zdzis?aw Krasnod?bski is elected from the PiS register, but not a member of the party, Miros?aw Piotrowski left PiS (08.10.2014), Marek Jurek is a member of Right Wing of the Republic.

Presidential

Election year Candidate 1st round 2nd round
# of overall votes % of overall vote # of overall votes % of overall vote
2005 Lech Kaczy?ski 4,947,927 33.1 (#2) 8,257,468 54.0 (#1)
2010 Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski 6,128,255 36.5 (#2) 7,919,134 47.0 (#2)
2015 Andrzej Duda 5,179,092 34.8 (#1) 8,719,281 51.5 (#1)
2020 Andrzej Duda

Regional assemblies

Election year % of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/-
2002 12.1 (#4)
In coalition with Civic Platform.
2006 25.1 (#2)
2010 23.1 (#2)
Decrease 29
2014 26.9 (#1)
Increase 30
2018 34.3 (#1)
Increase 83

Presidents of the Republic of Poland from PiS

Name Image From To
Lech Kaczy?ski Lech Kaczy?ski.jpg 23 December 2005 10 April 2010 (died in plane crash)
Andrzej Duda Andrzej Duda portret.JPG 6 August 2015 incumbent

Prime Ministers of the Republic of Poland from PiS

Name Image From To
Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz (1118622297) cropped.jpg 31 October 2005 14 July 2006
Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski Jaros?aw Kaczy?ski (5) (cropped 2).jpg 14 July 2006 16 November 2007
Beata Szyd?o Tallinn Digital Summit. Welcome dinner hosted by HE Donald Tusk. Handshake (37348246882) (cropped 3).jpg 16 November 2015 11 December 2017
Mateusz Morawiecki 2018-07-04 Mateusz Morawiecki-0603 (cropped).jpg 11 December 2017 incumbent

Voivodeship marshals

Name Image Voivodeship Date vocation
Grzegorz Schreiber Grzegorz Schreiber Sejm 2016.jpg ?ód? Voivodeship 22 November 2018
Jaros?aw Stawiarski J. Stawiarski.jpg Lublin Voivodeship 21 November 2018
W?adys?aw Ortyl W?adys?aw Ortyl Kancelaria Senatu.jpg Podkarpackie Voivodeship 27 May 2013
Jakub Che?stowski Jakub Chelstowski.jpg Silesian Voivodeship 21 November 2018
Andrzej B?tkowski JKruk 20120420 ANDRZEJ BETKOWSKI PIS BUSKO IMG 5477.jpg ?wi?tokrzyskie Voivodeship 22 November 2018
Witold Koz?owski Lesser Poland Voivodeship 19 November 2018
Artur Kosicki Podlaskie Voivodeship 11 December 2018

See also

Footnotes

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