| Jian'ou | |
|---|---|
| Ging-é-d? / | |
| Pronunciation | [kui ti?] |
| Native to | Southern China |
| Region | Jian'ou, Fujian province |
| Chinese character, Kienning Colloquial Romanized | |
| Language codes | |
| - | |
| Glottolog | jian1240[1] |
Jian'ou dialect (Northern Min: Ging-é-d? / ; Chinese: simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as Kienow dialect, is a local dialect of Northern Min Chinese spoken in Jian'ou in northern Fujian province. It is regarded as the standard common language in Jian'ou.
Phonetics and phonology
According to The Eight Tones of Kien-chou (?), a rime dictionary which published in 1795, Jian'ou dialect has 15 initials, 34 rimes and 7 tones in the 18th century, however there are only 6 tones in the modern dialect as the "light level" () tone disappeared.
Initials
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ? | ||
| Plosive | voiceless unaspirated | p | t | k | ? |
| voiceless aspirated | p? | t? | k? | ||
| Affricate | voiceless unaspirated | ts | |||
| voiceless aspirated | ts? | ||||
| Fricative | s | x | |||
| Approximant | l | ||||
Rimes
| Open syllable | Nasal coda | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open mouth | a | ? | ? | oe | ? | ? | ai | au | a? | ai? | ei? | oey? | [2] | |||
| Even mouth | i | ia | i? | i? | iau | iu | i? | ia? | iei?[3] | i | ||||||
| Closed mouth | u | ua | u? [4] | uai | ui? [5] | ua? | uai? | u | ||||||||
| Round mouth | y | y? [4] | yi? [5] | |||||||||||||
Tones
Jian'ou has four tones, which are reduced to two in checked syllables.
| Tone number | Tone name | Tone contour |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | level () | (54) or ? (5) |
| 2 | rising () | (21) or ? (1) |
| 3 | dark departing () | ? (2) |
| 4 | light departing () | ? (4) |
| 5 | dark entering () | (24) |
| 6 | light entering () | (42) |
The entering tones in Jian'ou dialect do not have any entering tone coda (?) such as /-?/, /-p?/, /-t?/ and /-k?/ which makes it distinct from many other Chinese varieties.
Footnotes
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jian'ou". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ /o?/ which is mentioned in Kienning Colloquial Romanized has merged into // in the modern dialect.
- ^ /iei?/ is not mentioned in Kienning Colloquial Romanized as it diverged from /i?/ after the romanization system was established.
- ^ a b /y?/ tends to merge into /u?/.
- ^ a b /yi?/ tends to merge into /ui?/.
References
- B?ij?ng dàxué zh?ngguóy?yánwénxuéxì y?yánxué jiàoyánshì. (1989) Hàny? f?ngy?n zìhuì. B?ij?ng: Wénzìg?igé ch?b?nshè.(. 1989. . )
- Norman, Jerry. [1988] (2002). Chinese. Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN 0-521-29653-6
- Yuán, ji?huá (1989). Hàny? f?ngyán gàiyào (An introduction to Chinese dialects). Beijing, China: Wénzì g?igé ch?b?nshè. (. 1989. . :?.)
- Compilation Commission of Chorography of Jian'ou County (1994). Jian ou xian zhi ? ["Chorography of Jian'ou County"]. 36. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-01283-3.
External links
- Lien, Chinfa (1990). "Competing final systems in the Jian'ou dialect" (PDF). Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies. 20 (1): 1-53.
- Cantonese and other dialects (in Chinese)
- Classification of Northern Min Dialects from Glossika
- Jian'ou Romanized Vernacular Bible
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