Jian'ou | |
---|---|
Ging-é-d? / | |
Pronunciation | [kui ti?] |
Native to | Southern China |
Region | Jian'ou, Fujian province |
Chinese character, Kienning Colloquial Romanized | |
Language codes | |
- | |
Glottolog | jian1240 |
Jian'ou dialect (Northern Min: Ging-é-d? / ; Chinese: simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as Kienow dialect, is a local dialect of Northern Min Chinese spoken in Jian'ou in northern Fujian province. It is regarded as the standard common language in Jian'ou.
According to The Eight Tones of Kien-chou (?), a rime dictionary which published in 1795, Jian'ou dialect has 15 initials, 34 rimes and 7 tones in the 18th century, however there are only 6 tones in the modern dialect as the "light level" () tone disappeared.
Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ? | ||
Plosive | voiceless unaspirated | p | t | k | ? |
voiceless aspirated | p? | t? | k? | ||
Affricate | voiceless unaspirated | ts | |||
voiceless aspirated | ts? | ||||
Fricative | s | x | |||
Approximant | l |
Open syllable | Nasal coda | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Open mouth | a | ? | ? | oe | ? | ? | ai | au | a? | ai? | ei? | oey? | [1] | |||
Even mouth | i | ia | i? | i? | iau | iu | i? | ia? | iei?[2] | i | ||||||
Closed mouth | u | ua | u? [3] | uai | ui? [4] | ua? | uai? | u | ||||||||
Round mouth | y | y? [3] | yi? [4] |
Jian'ou has four tones, which are reduced to two in checked syllables.
Tone number | Tone name | Tone contour |
---|---|---|
1 | level () | (54) or ? (5) |
2 | rising () | (21) or ? (1) |
3 | dark departing () | ? (2) |
4 | light departing () | ? (4) |
5 | dark entering () | (24) |
6 | light entering () | (42) |
The entering tones in Jian'ou dialect do not have any entering tone coda (?) such as /-?/, /-p?/, /-t?/ and /-k?/ which makes it distinct from many other Chinese varieties.