| Hainanese | |
|---|---|
| Qiong wen | |
| , Hái-nâm-oe | |
| Pronunciation | [hai nam ue] (Haikou dialect) |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Hainan |
| Ethnicity | Hainanese |
Native speakers | Around 5 million in China (2002)[1] |
| Dialects | |
| Chinese characters[] Hainan Romanized | |
| Language codes | |
None (mis) | |
| Glottolog | hain1238[2] |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-k |
 Hainanese | |
Hainanese (Hainan Romanised: Hái-nâm-oe, simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as Qióng Wén (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ) or Qióng y? (; ),[] is a group of Min Chinese varieties spoken in the southern Chinese island province of Hainan. In the classification of Yuan Jiahua, it was included in the Southern Min group, although it is mutually unintelligible with Southern Min varieties such as Hokkien-Taiwanese and Teochew.[3] In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.[4] Hou Jingyi combined it with Leizhou Min, spoken on the neighboring mainland Leizhou Peninsula, in a Qiong-Lei group.[5] "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the Li people living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.
Phonology
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Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels[].
Hainanese notably has a series of implosive consonants, which it acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably Hlai.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | ?/? poi/pang |
?/? tim/toi |
?/? kóng/k?ng |
?/? an/ah | |
| Aspirated | ?/? pho/phong |
? khu |
||||
| voiced/implosive | ?/? bui/bun |
?/? du/dei |
||||
| Affricate | ~ ?/? tsin/tsia |
|||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ?/? fi/fuai |
~ ?/? sei/sut |
? hu |
?/? hai/hoi | |
| voiced | ?/? vun/va |
~ ?/? zeh/zuan |
||||
| Nasal | ?/? min/mak |
?/? nam/nin |
?/? ngou/ngiam |
|||
| Approximant | ?/? wat/wong |
?/? lam/lao |
?/? yok/ya |
|||
The phonological system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Hokkien, but it has had some restructuring. In particular, etymological *anterior plain stops have undergone implosivization (*p > [?], *t > [?], etymological *aspirated stops have spirantized (*p? > [f], *t? > [h], *c? > [?] *k? > [x]), and etymological *s have hardened into stops (*s > [t]), and *h > [?]. Additionally, some dialects have , and [?] is allophonic with /j/.
See also
References
- ^ Hou, Jingyi (2002). Xiàndài hàny? f?ngyán gàilùn [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press ?. pp. 207-208.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Hainan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Chinese, Min Nan.
- ^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54-55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
- ^ Hou, Jingyi (2002). Xiàndài hàny? f?ngyán gàilùn [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press ?. p. 238.
Further reading
- Chang, Kuang-yu (1986). Comparative Min phonology (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley.
- Chen, Hongmai (1996). H?ik?u f?ngyán cídi?n [Haikou dialect dictionary]. Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects. 16. Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press. ISBN 978-7-5343-2886-2.
- Huang, Karen. "Contact-induced changes in the languages of Hainan". Annual Student Conference of the College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature. University of Hawaii.
- Kwok, Bit-chee (2006). "The role of language strata in language evolution: three Hainan Min dialects". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (2): 201-291. JSTOR 23754124.
- Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hainanese articles.
- Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hainanese -om and -op.
- Norman, Jerry Lee (1969). The Kienyang Dialect of Fukien (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. includes a description of the phonology of the Ding'an dialect.
- Solnit, David B. (1982). "Linguistic Contact in Ancient South China: The Case of Hainan Chinese, Be, and Vietnamese". Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 8: 219-230. doi:10.3765/bls.v8i0.2041.
- Woon, Wee-Lee (1979a). "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part I". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (1): 65-100. JSTOR 23753034. describes Wenchang dialect.
- Woon, Wee-Lee (1979b). "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part II". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (2): 268-302. JSTOR 23752923.
- Yan, Margaret Mian (2006). Introduction to Chinese Dialectology. LINCOM Europa. ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.
External links
Hainanese phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage- Learn hainanese
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