Great Blizzard of 1888

Surface analysis of Blizzard on March 12, 1888 at 10 p.m.
Type	Extratropical cyclone Blizzard
Lowest pressure	980 hPa (29 inHg)
Maximum snowfall or ice accretion	58 inches (147 cm)
Damage	$25 million in 1888 (equivalent to $710 million in 2021)
Casualties	400 fatalities
Areas affected	Eastern United States, Eastern Canada

The Great Blizzard of 1888, Great Blizzard of '88, or the Great White Hurricane (March 11-14, 1888) was one of the most severe recorded blizzards in American history. The storm paralyzed the East Coast from the Chesapeake Bay to Maine,^[1][2] as well as the Atlantic provinces of Canada.^[3] Snow fell from 10 to 58 inches (25 to 147 cm) in parts of New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and sustained winds of more than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) produced snowdrifts in excess of 50 feet (15 m). Railroads were shut down and people were confined to their homes for up to a week.^[3] Railway and telegraph lines were disabled, and this provided the impetus to move these pieces of infrastructure underground. Emergency services were also affected.

Storm details

Streets in New York City as the storm hit. Many overhead wires broke and presented a hazard to city dwellers.^[4]

Brooklyn Bridge during the blizzard

The weather was unseasonably mild just before the blizzard, with heavy rains that turned to snow as temperatures dropped rapidly.^[3] The storm began in earnest shortly after midnight on March 12 and continued unabated for a full day and a half. In a 2007 article, the National Weather Service estimated that this Nor'easter dumped as much as 50 inches (130 cm) of snow in parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts, while parts of New Jersey and New York had up to 40 inches (100 cm).^[2] Most of northern Vermont received from 20 inches (51 cm) to 30 inches (76 cm).^[5]

Drifts averaged 30-40 feet (9.1-12.2 m), over the tops of houses from New York to New England, with reports of drifts covering three-story houses. The highest drift was recorded in Gravesend, Brooklyn at 52 feet or 16 metres. 58 inches (150 cm) of snow fell in Saratoga Springs, New York; 48 inches (120 cm) in Albany, New York; 45 inches (110 cm) in New Haven, Connecticut; and 22 inches (56 cm) in New York City.^[6] The storm also produced severe winds; 80 miles per hour (129 km/h) wind gusts were reported, although the highest official report in New York City was 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), with a 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) gust reported at Block Island.^[6] New York's Central Park Observatory reported a minimum temperature of 6 °F (-14 °C), and a daytime average of 9 °F (-13 °C) on March 13, the coldest ever for March.^[6]

Impacts

In New York, neither rail nor road transport was possible anywhere for days,^[1][7] and drifts across the New York-New Haven rail line at Westport, Connecticut, took eight days to clear. Transportation gridlock as a result of the storm was partially responsible for the creation of the first underground subway system in the United States, which opened nine years later in Boston.^[8][9] The New York Stock Exchange was closed for two days.^[10]

Similarly, telegraph infrastructure was disabled, isolating Montreal and most of the large northeastern U.S. cities from Washington, D.C. to Boston for days. Following the storm, New York began placing its telegraph and telephone infrastructure underground to prevent their destruction.

Fire stations were immobilized, and property loss from fire alone was estimated at $25 million (equivalent to $710 million in 2021).^[1] The blizzard resulted in the founding of the Christman Bird and Wildlife Sanctuary located near Delanson, New York.

From Chesapeake Bay through the New England area, more than 200 ships were either grounded or wrecked, resulting in the deaths of at least 100 seamen.^[6] More than 400 people died from the storm and the ensuing cold, including 200 in New York City alone.^[6][11] Efforts were made to push the snow into the Atlantic Ocean. Severe flooding occurred after the storm due to melting snow, especially in the Brooklyn area, which was susceptible to flooding because of its topography.^[6]

Not all areas were notably affected by the Blizzard of 1888; an article in the Cambridge Press published five days after the storm noted that the "fall of snow in this vicinity was comparatively small, and had it not been accompanied by a strong wind it would have been regarded as rather trifling in amount, the total depth, on a level, not exceeding ten inches".^[12]

Roscoe Conkling, an influential Republican politician, died as a result of the storm.^[13]

On 1 October 1888, an article appeared in the first issue of the National Geographic Society magazine about the great blizzard. It was written by Edward Everett Hayden and described the blizzard and the courageous and successful struggle, told by boat-keeper Robert Robinson, of the crew from the pilot-boat Charles H. Marshall, No. 3.^[14]

Pictures

• 

  45th Street and Grand Central Depot, Manhattan, March 12

• 

  Park Place in Brooklyn, March 14

• 

  Brooklyn children after the blizzard

• 

  New Britain, Connecticut, March 13

• 

  Cythera, lost with all aboard in the blizzard

• 

  Bone Valley Trail, where a herd of cattle froze

• 

  14th Street, New York City, "just after the storm" (March 14)

References

Further reading

• "In a Blizzard's Grasp" (PDF). The New York Times. March 13, 1888. Retrieved 2012.
• "The Great Storm of March 11 to 14, 1888", National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1889 (audio) Accessed April 17, 2012
• Brunner, Borgna. "The Great White Hurricane"". infoplease.com. Retrieved 2012.
• Christiano, G. J. "The Blizzard of 1888; the Impact of this Devastating Storm on New York Transit". nycsubway.org. Retrieved 2012.
• Kovatch, Breanne (March 11, 2019). "It's been 131 years since the Great White Hurricane. Do you know about it?". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2019.
• Martí, José (2000). "New York Under the Snow". In Lopate, Phillip (ed.). Writing New York: A Literary Anthology (Paperback ed.). New York: Washington Square Press. pp. 271-277. ISBN 9780671042356. Retrieved 2015.
• Murphy, Jim (2006). Blizzard!: The Storm That Changed America. Scholastic. ISBN 978-0-590-67310-5.

External links

• NOAA: Major winter storms Accessed April 17, 2012
• Blizzard 1888, US Government images^{[permanent dead link]} Accessed April 17, 2012
• National Snow and Ice Data Center: "Have Snow Shovel, Will Travel" Accessed April 17, 2012
• http://cslib.cdmhost.com/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15019coll17 Connecticut State Library Blizzard of 1888 Photographic Collection