Enoch Arden is a narrative poem published in 1864 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, during his tenure as England's poet laureate. The story on which it was based was provided to Tennyson by Thomas Woolner. The poem lent its name to a principle in law that after being missing a certain number of years (typically seven), a person could be declared dead for purposes of remarriage and inheritance.[1]
Background
The hero of the poem, fisherman turned merchant sailor Enoch Arden, leaves his wife Annie and three children to go to sea with his old captain, who offers him work after he had lost his job due to an accident; in a manner that reflects the hero's masculine view of personal toil and hardship to support his family, Enoch Arden left his family to better serve them as a husband and father. However, during his voyage, Enoch Arden is shipwrecked on a desert island with two companions; both eventually die, leaving Arden alone there. This part of the story is reminiscent of Robinson Crusoe. Enoch Arden remains lost and missing for more than ten years.
He finds upon his return from the sea that, after his long absence, his wife, who believed him dead, is married happily to another man, his childhood friend Philip (Annie has known both men since her childhood, thus the rivalry), and has a child by him. Enoch's life remains unfulfilled, with one of his children now dead, and his wife and remaining children now being cared for by his onetime rival.
Enoch never reveals to his wife and children that he is really alive, as he loves her too much to spoil her new happiness. Enoch dies of a broken heart.
The story could be considered a variation on and antithesis to the classical myth of Odysseus, who after an absence of 20 years at the Trojan War and at sea, found a faithful wife who had been loyally waiting for him. The use of the name Enoch for a man who disappears from the lives of his loved ones is surely inspired by the biblical character Enoch. In fact, also the entire chronological structure of the protagonist's life with its cycles related to the biblical symbolism of the "days of Creation" binds to the name of Enoch, as demonstrated by the analysis of an Italian thinker long interested in this work,[2] and denotes the impressive ability of Tennyson to insert theological intentions into simple elegiac mode with an unprecedented complexity in English literature.[3]
Musical settings
In 1897, Richard Strauss set the poem as a recitation for speaker and piano, published as his Op. 38. On 24 May 1962, Columbia Records released a recording of Enoch Arden (recorded 2-4 October 1961) with Glenn Gould on the piano and Claude Rains as the speaker. The LP was made at a cost of $1500 and only 2000 copies were released. It remains a collector's item.[4][5] In 2010, Chad Bowles and David Ripley released a CD. Conductor Emil de Cou arranged a version for chamber orchestra and narrator. This was performed with the Virginia Chamber Orchestra and actor Gary Sloan in 2010.[6]
In popular culture
- In Evelyn Sharp's 1897 children's novel, The Making of a Schoolgirl, the girls put on a play of Enoch Arden for a student's birthday.[7]
- The Guy de Maupassant story "Le Retour" has a similar plot.[8]
- Enoch Arden, the 1911 film directed by D. W. Griffith, is based on this poem.[9]
- The 1915 film of the same name was directed by Christy Cabanne.[10]
- The 1925 Australian film The Bushwackers is based on this poem.[10]
- The 1940 the comedy film Too Many Husbands told the story, with Jean Arthur playing the wife of the returning husband, played by Fred McMurray. It was remade in 1955 as Three for the Show, with Betty Grable, Jack Lemmon, Marge Champion and Gower Champion.[11]
- The 1940 screwball comedy film My Favorite Wife, is a comic inversion of Enoch Arden.[12]
- "Enoch Arden" is the alias taken by Charles Trenton to suggest the survival of the deceased Robert Underhay, in Agatha Christie's 1948 crime mystery novel Taken at the Flood.[13]
- Agatha Christie's "While the Light Lasts" was first published in the Novel Magazine in April 1924 with the deceased husband, Tim Nugent, coming back as Arden.[14] This plot was also used to greater effect as part of Giant's Bread (1930) which was the first of her six novels written under the pseudonym of Mary Westmacott.[15]
- The 1946 film Tomorrow Is Forever, starring Claudette Colbert, Orson Welles and George Brent, is based on the poem, although no writing or adaptation credit is given to Tennyson.[16]
- Move Over, Darling is a 1963 remake of My Favorite Wife, starring Doris Day, James Garner, and Polly Bergen. This project was undertaken after the 1962 Marilyn Monroe version, Something's Got To Give, was aborted upon Monroe's death.[16]
- The 1966 Konkani film Nirmon is based on this story.
- The 1967 Hindi film Taqdeer was a remake of the Konkani film Nirmon.
- The 2000 film Cast Away was loosely based on this story.[17]
See also
References
- ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/enoch_arden_doctrine
- ^ Pietro De Luigi. Tracce per navigare nell'universo di Enoch Arden (2014 ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
- ^ Maria Serena Marchesi. Temi cristiani nell'opera poetica di Alfred Tennyson (2007 ed.). Congedo Editore.
- ^ Platt, Russell. "Gould Standard". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2013.
- ^ Peter Vidani (2 June 2013). "Freezing Tumblr". Papyh.tumblr.com. Retrieved 2013.
- ^ Reinthaler, Joan (10 September 2010). "Emil de Cou conducts dramatic 'Enoch Arden' by Virginia Chamber Orchestra". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010.
- ^ M. O. Grenby; Andrea Immel (10 December 2009). The Cambridge Companion to Children's Literature. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219-. ISBN 978-1-139-82804-8.
- ^ Leonee Ormond (17 November 2016). The Reception of Alfred Tennyson in Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 52-. ISBN 978-1-350-01253-0.
- ^ James D. Bloom (2009). Hollywood Intellect. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 123-. ISBN 978-0-7391-2924-1.
- ^ a b Mikhail Iampolski (26 October 1998). The Memory of Tiresias: Intertextuality and Film. University of California Press. pp. 93-. ISBN 978-0-520-08530-5.
Longford Lyell Productions and Charles Perry produce The Bushwackers. Lottie and Longford are credited with the screenplay and Arthur Higgins once again photographs. The film is loosely based on Tennyson's Enoch Arden.
- ^ Newsweek. 45. Newsweek. 1955. pp. 104-.
This variation on Tennyson's Enoch Arden theme was a thin play when W. Somerset Maugham offered it as "Too Many Husbands" in 1919. It was just as thin, but passing good fun, when Jean Arthur played in a screen version under the same title in 1940. Now, by switching the story to a show-business background, Edward Hope and Leonard Stern get a springboard for a lively musical. This time Mrs. Arden is Betty Grable, a musical-comedy star whose husband. Jack Lemmon, goes ...
- ^ Time Inc (13 May 1940). LIFE. Time Inc. pp. 55-.
- ^ Literary Onomastics Studies. 11-13. State University College. 1984. pp. 17-.
... Charles Trenton in Taken at the Flood uses Enoch Arden (from a Tennyson poem of 1864 in which a stranger does not reveal his identity) ...
- ^ Mark Campbell (26 June 2015). Agatha Christie: The Books, the Films and the Television Shows featuring Poirot, Miss Marple and More. Oldcastle Books. pp. 27-. ISBN 978-1-84344-424-4.
- ^ Agatha Christie; Tony Medawar (1997). While the Light Lasts and Other Stories. HarperCollins. pp. 178-. ISBN 978-0-00-232643-8.
Afterword 'While the Light Lasts' was first published in the Novel Magazine in April 1924. To those familiar with the works of Sir Alfred Lord Tennyson, Arden's true identity will not have come as a surprise. Tennyson was among Christie's favourite poets, together with Yeats and T. S. Eliot, and his Enoch Arden also inspired the Poirot novel Taken at the Flood (1948). The plot of 'While the Light Lasts' was later used to greater effect as part of Giant's Bread (1930), the first of her six novels ...
- ^ a b Leslie Halliwell (November 1988). Halliwell's filmgoer's companion: incorporating The filmgoer's book of quotes and Halliwell's movie quiz. Grafton. pp. 236-. ISBN 978-0-246-13322-9.
Enoch Arden was a character in a Tennyson poem who came hack to his family after having been long supposed dead. Films with an "Enoch Arden' theme include Tomorrow Is Forever (with Orson Welles), The Years Between (with Michael Redgrave), Too Many Husbands (with Fred MacMurray) and its remake Three for the Show (with Jack Lemmon), My Favorite Wife (with Irene Dunne) and its remake Move Over Darling (with Doris Day).
- ^ Greg M. Colón Semenza; Bob Hasenfratz (21 May 2015). The History of British Literature on Film, 1895-2015. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 332-. ISBN 978-1-62356-187-1.
External links
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