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Doric Greek
Region	Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, Sicily, Italy
Era	c. 800-100 BC; evolved into the Tsakonian language
Language family	Indo-European Hellenic Ancient Greek Western Doric Greek
Language codes
	-
Linguist List	grc-dor
Glottolog	dori1248[1]
Distribution of Greek dialects in Greece in the classical period.[2] Western group:   Doric proper   Northwest Doric   Achaean Doric Central group:   Aeolic   Arcado-Cypriot Eastern group:   Attic   Ionic Distribution of Greek dialects in Magna Graecia (Southern Italy and Sicily) in the classical period. Western group:   Doric proper   Northwest Doric   Achaean Doric Eastern group:   Attic-Ionic

Doric, or Dorian (Ancient Greek: , romanized: D?rismós) was an Ancient Greek dialect. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese as well as in Sicily, Epirus, Southern Italy, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea and some cities on the south east coast of Anatolia. Together with Northwest Greek, it forms the "Western group" of classical Greek dialects. By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League, an Achaean-Doric koiné language appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic-based Koine Greek to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.^[3]

It is widely accepted that Doric originated in the mountains of Epirus in northwestern Greece, the original seat of the Dorians. It was expanded to all other regions during the Dorian invasion (c. 1150 BC) and the colonisations that followed. The presence of a Doric state (Doris) in central Greece, north of the Gulf of Corinth, led to the theory that Doric had originated in northwest Greece or maybe beyond in the Balkans. The dialect's distribution towards the north extends to the Megarian colony of Byzantium and the Corinthian colonies of Potidaea, Epidamnos, Apollonia and Ambracia; there, it further added words to what would become the Albanian language,^[4][5] probably via traders from a now-extinct Illyrian intermediary.^[6] Local epigraphical evidence is restricted to the decrees of the Epirote League and the Pella curse tablet (both in the early 4th century BC) as well to the Doric eponym Machatas, first attested in Macedonia (early 5th century BC).^[7]

Variants

Doric proper

Where the Doric dialect group fits in the overall classification of ancient Greek dialects depends to some extent on the classification. Several views are stated under Greek dialects. The prevalent theme of most views listed there is that Doric is a subgroup of West Greek. Some use the terms Northern Greek or Northwest Greek instead. The geographic distinction is only verbal and ostensibly is misnamed: all of Doric was spoken south of "Southern Greek" or "Southeastern Greek."

Be that as it may, "Northern Greek" is based on a presumption that Dorians came from the north and on the fact that Doric is closely related to Northwest Greek. When the distinction began is not known. All the "northerners" might have spoken one dialect at the time of the Dorian invasion; certainly, Doric could only have further differentiated into its classical dialects when the Dorians were in place in the south. Thus West Greek is the most accurate name for the classical dialects.

Tsakonian, a descendant of Laconian Doric (Spartan), is still spoken on the southern Argolid coast of the Peloponnese, in the modern prefectures of Arcadia and Laconia. Today it is a source of considerable interest to linguists, and an endangered dialect.

The dialects of the Doric Group are as follows:

Laconian

Map of Laconia

Laconian was spoken by the population of Laconia in the southern Peloponnese and also by its colonies, Taras and Herakleia in Magna Graecia. Sparta was the seat of ancient Laconia.

Laconian is attested in inscriptions on pottery and stone from the seventh century BC. A dedication to Helen dates from the second quarter of the seventh century. Taras was founded in 706 and its founders must already have spoken Laconic.

Many documents from the state of Sparta survive, whose citizens called themselves Lacedaemonians after the name of the valley in which they lived. Homer calls it "hollow Lacedaemon", though he refers to a pre-Dorian period. The seventh century Spartan poet Alcman used a dialect that some consider to be predominantly Laconian. Philoxenus of Alexandria wrote a treatise On the Laconian dialect.

Argolic

Map of Argolis

Argolic was spoken in the thickly settled northeast Peloponnese at, for example, Argos, Mycenae, Hermione, Troezen, Epidaurus, and as close to Athens as the island of Aegina. As Mycenaean Greek had been spoken in this dialect region in the Bronze Age, it is clear that the Dorians overran it but were unable to take Attica. The Dorians went on from Argos to Crete and Rhodes.

Ample inscriptional material of a legal, political and religious content exists from at least the sixth century BC.

Corinthian

Map of Corinthia

Corinthian was spoken first in the isthmus region between the Peloponnesus and mainland Greece; that is, the Isthmus of Corinth. The cities and states of the Corinthian dialect region were Corinth, Sicyon, Archaies Kleones, Phlius, the colonies of Corinth in western Greece: Corcyra, Leucas, Anactorium, Ambracia and others, the colonies in and around Italy: Syracuse, Sicily and Ancona, and the colonies of Corcyra: Dyrrachium, and Apollonia. The earliest inscriptions^{[permanent dead link]} at Corinth date from the early sixth century BC. They use a Corinthian epichoric alphabet. (See under Attic Greek.)

Corinth contradicts the prejudice that Dorians were rustic militarists, as some consider the speakers of Laconian to be. Positioned on an international trade route, Corinth played a leading part in the re-civilizing of Greece after the centuries of disorder and isolation following the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.

Northwest Greek

The Northwest Greek group is closely related to Doric proper, while sometimes there is no distinction between Doric and the Northwest Greek. Whether it is to be considered a part of the Doric Group or the latter a part of it or the two considered subgroups of West Greek, the dialects and their grouping remain the same. West Thessalian and Boeotian had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence. The Northwest Greek dialects differ from the Doric Group dialects in the below features:^[8]

1. Dative plural of the third declension in - (-ois) (instead of - (-si)): ? ? Akarnanois hippeois for Akarnasin hippeusin (to the Acarnanian knights).
2. (en) + accusative (instead of (eis)): en Naupakton (into Naupactus).
3. - (-st) for - (-sth): genestai for genesthai (to become), ? mistôma for misthôma (payment for hiring).
4. ar for er: amara /Dor. amera/Att. hêmera (day), Elean wargon for Doric wergon and Attic ergon (work)
5. Dative singular in -oi instead of -ôi: , Doric , Attic (to Asclepius)
6. Middle participle in -eimenos instead of -oumenos

The dialects are as follows:

Phocian

This dialect was spoken in Phocis and in its main settlement, Delphi. Because of that it is also cited as Delphian.^[]Plutarch says that Delphians pronounce b in the place of p ( for )^[9]

Locrian

• Ozolian Locris, along the northwest coast of the Gulf of Corinth around Amfissa (earliest c. 500 BC)^[10]
• Opuntian Locris, on the coast of mainland Greece opposite northwest Euboea, around Opus

Elean

The dialect of Elis is considered, after Aeolic Greek, one of the most difficult for the modern reader of epigraphic texts^[11] (earliest c. 600 BC)^[12]

Northwest Greek Koiné

• hybrid dialect of Attic and certain Northwest Greek and Doric features
• chiefly associated with the Aetolian Confederacy and dates to the second and third centuries BC.

Calydon sanctuary (earliest c. 600-575 BC)^[13] - Aetolian League 300-262 BC^[14]

Epirotic

• Dodona oracle, firstly under control of Thesprotians^[15] (earliest c. 550-500 BC)^[16] - Epirote League^[17][18] (earliest c. 370 BC)^[19]

A school of thought maintains that the Ancient Macedonian language may have been a Greek dialect, possibly of the Northwestern group in particular,^{[20][21][22][23][24][25]} although other scholars would classify Macedonian as a separate marginal or "deviant Greek dialect" on its own.^[26]

Phonology

Vowels

Long a

Proto-Greek long *? is retained as ?, in contrast to Attic developing a long open ? (eta) in at least some positions.

• Doric g? m?t?r ~ Attic g? m?t?r 'earth mother'

Compensatory lengthening of e and o

In certain Doric dialects (Severe Doric), *e and *o lengthen by compensatory lengthening or contraction to eta or omega, in contrast to Attic ei and ou (spurious diphthongs).

• Severe Doric -? ~ Attic -ou (second-declension genitive singular)
• -?s ~ -ous (second-declension accusative plural)
• -?n ~ -ein (present, second aorist infinitive active)

Contraction of a and e

Contraction: Proto-Greek *ae > Doric ? (eta) ~ Attic ?.

Synizesis

Proto-Greek *eo, *ea > some Doric dialects' io, ia.

Proto-Greek *a

Proto-Greek short *a > Doric short a ~ Attic e in certain words.

• Doric hiaros, Artamis ~ Attic hieros 'holy', Artemis

Consonants

Proto-Greek *-ti

Proto-Greek *-ti is retained (assibilated to -si in Attic).

• Doric ph?ti ~ Attic ph?si 'he says' (3rd sing. pres. of athematic verb)
• legonti ~ legousi 'they say' (3rd pl. pres. of thematic verb)
• w?kati ~ eikosi 'twenty'
• tri?katioi ~ tri?kosioi 'three hundred'

Proto-Greek *ts

Proto-Greek *ts > -ss- between vowels. (Attic shares the same development, but further shortens the geminate to -s-.)

• Proto-Greek *métsos > Doric messos ~ Attic mesos 'middle' (from Proto-Indo-Europan *méd?yos, compare Latin medius)

Digamma

Initial *w (?) is preserved in earlier Doric (lost in Attic).

• Doric woikos ~ Attic oikos 'house' (from Proto-Indo-European *wey?-, *woy?-, compare Latin v?cus 'village')

Literary texts in Doric and inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma.

Accentuation

For information on the peculiarities of Doric accentuation, see Ancient Greek accent#Dialect variation

Morphology

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Numeral tetores ~ Attic tettares, Ionic tesseres "four".

Ordinal pr?tos ~ Attic-Ionic pr?tos "first".

Demonstrative pronoun t?nos "this" ~ Attic-Ionic (e)keinos

t for h (from Proto-Indo-European s) in article and demonstrative pronoun.

• Doric toi, tai; toutoi, tautai
• ~ Attic-Ionic hoi, hai; houtoi, hautai.

Third person plural, athematic or root aorist -n ~ Attic -san.

• Doric edon ~ Attic-Ionic edosan

First person plural active -mes ~ Attic-Ionic -men.

Future -se-? ~ Attic -s-?.

• pr?x?tai (pr?k-se-etai) ~ Attic-Ionic pr?xetai

Modal particle ka ~ Attic-Ionic an.

• Doric ai ka, ai de ka, ai tis ka ~ ean, ean de, ean tis

Temporal adverbs in -ka ~ Attic-Ionic -te.

• hoka, toka

Locative adverbs in -ei ~ Attic/Koine -ou.

• teide, pei.

Future tense

The aorist and future of verbs in -iz?, -az? has x (versus Attic/Koine s).

• Doric ag?nixato ~ Attic ag?nisato "he contended"

Similarly k before suffixes beginning with t.

Glossary

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Common

• ? aigades (Attic aiges) "goats"
• aiges (Attic kymata) "waves"
• ? halia (Attic ekkl?sia) "assembly" (Cf. Heliaia)
• brykainai (Attic ? hiereiai) "priestesses"
• bryketos (Attic ? brygmos, bryk?thmos) "chewing, grinding, gnashing with the teeth"
• damiorgoi (Attic archontes) "high officials". Cf. Attic ? d?miourgos "public worker for the people (d?mos), craftsman, creator"; Hesychius ?· "prostitutes". Zamiourgoi Elean.
• Elôos Hephaestus ?
• karr?n (Attic kreitt?n) "stronger" (Ionic kreiss?n, Cretan kart?n )
• ? koryg?s (Attic k?ryx) "herald, messenger" (Aeolic karoux)
• laios (Homeric, Attic and Modern Greek aristeros) "left".Cretan: ? laia, Attic aspis shield, Hesych. laipha laiba, because the shield was held with the left hand. Cf.Latin:laevus
• ? laia (Attic, Modern Greek ? leia) "prey"
• (?) le(i)? (Attic ethel?) "will"
• oin?tros "vine pole" (: Greek oinos "wine"). Cf. Oenotrus
• mogionti (Ionic ? pyressousi) "they are on fire, have fever" (= Attic ? mogousi "they suffer, take pains to")
• ? myrm?dônes (Attic myrm?kes) "ants". Cf. Myrmidons
• optillos or optilos 'eye' (Attic ophthalmos) (Latin oculus) (Attic optikos of sight, Optics)
• paomai (Attic ? ktaomai) "acquire"
• rhapidopoios poet, broiderer, pattern-weaver, boot-maker (rhapis needle for Attic rhaphis)
• skana (Attic skênê) tent, stage, scene) (Homeric klisiê) (Doric skanama encampment)
• tanthalyzein (Attic ? tremein) "to tremble"
• ? tun? or toun? 'you nominative' (Attic ) dative teein (Attic soi)
• chanaktion (Attic m?ron)(chan goose)

Doric proper

Argive

• Ballacrades title of Argive athletes on a feast-day (Cf.achras wild pear-tree)^[27]
• Daulis mimic festival at Argos (acc. Pausanias 10.4.9 daulis means thicket)^[28] (Hes.daulon fire log)
• droon strong (Attic ischyron, dynaton)
• kester youngman (Attic neanias)
• ? kyllarabis discus and gymnasium at Argos
• ? semalia ragged, tattered garments Attic rhak?, cf. himatia clothes)
• ? ôbea eggs (Attic ôa )

Cretan

• agela "group of boys in the Cretan ag?g?". Cf. Homeric Greek agel? "herd" (Cretan apagelos not yet received in agelê, boy under 17)
• adnos holy, pure (Attic hagnos) (Ariadne)
• aWtos (Attic autos) Hsch. aus - . ?
• akaralegs (Attic skelê)
• hamakis once (Attic hapax)
• ? argetos juniper, cedar (Attic arkeuthos)
• ? auka power (Attic alkê)
• aphrattias strong
• ? balikiôtai Koine synepheboi (Attic hêlikiotai 'age-peers' of the same age hêlikia)
• britu sweet (Attic glyku)
• damioô, Cretan and Boeotian. for Attic zêmioô to damage, punish, harm
• dampon first milk curdled by heating over embers (Attic puriephthon, puriatê)
• ? dôla ears (Attic ôta) (Tarentine ata)
• Welchanos for Cretan Zeus and Welchanios, Belchanios, Gelchanos (Elchanios Cnossian month)
• wergaddomai I work (Attic ergazomai)
• ? Wêma garment (Attic heima) (Aeolic emma) (Koine (h)immation)(Cf.Attic amphi-ennumi I dress, amph-iesis clothing)
• ? ibên wine (Dialectal Woînos Attic oinos) (accusative ibêna)
• itton one (Attic hen )
• karanô goat
• kosmos and kormos archontes in Crete, body of kosmoi (Attic order, ornament, honour, world - kormos trunk of a tree)
• ?, ? kypheron, kuphê head (Attic kephalê)
• lakos rag, tattered garment (Attic rhakos) (Aeolic brakos long robe, lacks the sense 'ragged')
• malkenis (Attic parthenos) Hsch: malakinnês.
• othrun mountain (Attic oros) (Cf.Othrys)
• rhyston spear
• seipha darkness (Attic zophos, skotia) (Aeolic dnophos)
• speusdos title of Cretan officer (Cf.speudô speus- rush)
• tagana (Attic tauta) these things
• tiros summer (Homeric, Attic theros)
• tre you, accusative ( Attic se )

Laconian

• ? abêr storeroom ?, ? ?
• ? abôr dawn (Attic êôs) (Latin aurora)
• ? adda need, deficiency (Attic endeia) Aristophanes of Byzantium(fr. 33)
• ? addauon dry (i.e. azauon) or addanon (Attic xêron)
• ? aikouda (Attic aischun?) ?. ?
• ? haimatia blood-broth, Spartan Melas Zomos Black soup) (haima haimatos blood)
• aïtas (Attic er?menos) "beloved boy (in a pederastic relationship)"
• akkor tube, bag (Attic askos)
• akchalibar bed (Attic skimpous)(Koine krabbatos)
• ? ambrotixas having begun, past participle(amphi or ana..+ ?) (Attic aparxamenos, aparchomai) (Doric -ixas for Attic -isas)
• ampesai (Attic amphiesai) to dress
• apaboidôr out of tune (Attic ekmelôs) (Cf.Homeric singer Aoidos) / emmelôs, aboidôr in tune
• apella (Attic ekkl?sia) "assembly in Sparta" (verb apellazein)
• ? arbylis (Attic aryballos) (Hesychius: ?. ?)
• attasi wake up, get up (Attic anastêthi)
• ? babalon imperative of cry aloud, shout (Attic kraugason)
• ? bagaron (Attic ? chliaron 'warm') (Cf. Attic ? ph?g? 'roast') (Laconian word)
• ? bapha broth (Attic zômos) (Attic ? baphê dipping of red-hot iron in water (Koine and Modern Greek ? vafi dyeing)
• ? beikati twenty (Attic eikosi)
• ? bela sun and dawn Laconian (Attic helios Cretan abelios)
• bernômetha Attic klêrôsômetha we will cast or obtain by lot (inf. berreai) (Cf.Attic meiresthai receive portion, Doric bebramena for heimarmenê, allotted by Moirai)
• beskeros bread (Attic artos)
• bêlêma hindrance, river dam (Laconian)
• ? bêrichalkon fennel (Attic marathos) (chalkos bronze)
• ? bibasis Spartan dance for boys and girls
• bidyoi bideoi, bidiaioi also "officers in charge of the ephebes at Sparta"
• ? biôr almost, maybe (Attic ? isôs, schedon) wihôr (?)
• blagis spot (Attic kêlis)
• ? boua "group of boys in the Spartan ag?g?"
• (?)? bo(u)agos "leader of a boua at Sparta"
• bullichês Laconian dancer (Attic orchêstês)
• bônêma speech (Homeric, Ionic eirêma eireo) (Cf.Attic phônêma sound, speech)
• gabergor labourer (ga earth wergon work) (Cf.geôrgos farmer)
• ? gaiadas citizens, people (Attic dêmos)
• gonar mother Laconian (gonades children Eur. Med. 717)
• ? dabelos torch (Attic dalos)(Syracusan daelos, dawelos)(Modern Greek davlos) (Laconian ? dabêi (Attic kauthêi) it should be burnt)
• ? diza goat (Attic aix) and Hera aigophagos Goat-eater in Sparta
• eir?n (Attic eph?bos) "Spartan youth who has completed his 12th year"
• eispn?las (Attic ? erast?s) one who inspires love, a lover (Attic eispneô inhale, breathe)
• exôbadia (Attic enôtia ; ôta ears)
• ephoroi (Attic archontes) "high officials at Sparta". Cf. Attic ephoros "overseer, guardian"
• ? Thoratês Apollon thoraios containing the semen, god of growth and increase
• thrônax drone (Attic kêphên)
• ? kapha washing, bathing-tub (Attic loutêr) (Cf.skaphê basin, bowl)
• keloia (kelya, kelea also) "contest for boys and youths at Sparta"
• ? kirafox (Attic alôpêx) (Hsch kiraphos).
• ? mesodma, messodoma woman and ? anthrôpô (Attic gunê)
• myrtalis Butcher's broom (Attic oxumursinê) (Myrtale real name of Olympias)
• pasor passion (Attic pathos)
• por leg, foot (Attic pous)
• pourdain restaurant (Koine mageirion) (Cf.purdalon, purodansion (from pyr fire hence pyre)
• ? salabar cook (Common Doric/Attic mageiros)
• ? sika 'pig' (Attic hus) and grôna female pig.
• siria safeness (Attic asphaleia)
• psithômias ill, sick (Attic asthenês) ?
• ? psilaker first dancer
• ôba (Attic ? k?m?) "village; one of five quarters of the city of Sparta"

Magna Graecian Doric

• astyxenoi Metics, Tarentine
• bannas king basileus, wanax, anax^[29]
• beilarmostai cavalry officers Tarentine (Attic ilarchai) (il?, squadron + Laconian harmost-)
• ? dostore 'you make' Tarentine (Attic ?)
• Thaulia "festival of Tarentum", thaulakizein 'to demand sth with uproar' Tarentine, thaulizein "to celebrate like Dorians", Thaulos "Macedonian Ares", Thessalian ? ? Zeus Thaulios, Athenian ? Zeus Thaulon, Athenian family ? Thaulonidai
• ? rhaganon easy Thuriian (Attic rhaidion) (Aeolic braidion)
• skytas 'back-side of neck' (Attic trach?los)
• tênês till Tarentine (Attic heôs)
• tryphômata whatever are fed or nursed, children, cattle (Attic thremmata)
• huetis jug, amphora Tarentine (Attic hydris, hydria)(huetos rain)

North-West

Aetolian-Acarnanian

• agridion 'village' Aetolian (Attic chôrion)(Hesychius text: * , vA [? ] dim. of agros countryside, field)
• aeria fog Aetolian (Attic omichlê, aêr air)(Hsch. , ? .)
• kibba wallet, bag Aetolian (Attic ? pêra) (Cypr. kibisis) (Cf.Attic ? kibôtos ark kibôtion box Suid. cites kibos)
• plêtomon Acarnanian old, ancient (Attic palaion,palaiotaton very old)

Delphic-Locrian

• deilomai will, want Locrian, Delphian(Attic boulomai) (Coan dêlomai) (Doric bôlomai) (Thessalian belloumai)
• ? Wargana female worker epithet for Athena (Delphic) (Attic Erganê) (Attic ergon work, Doric Wergon, Elean Wargon
• Werrô go away Locrian (Attic errô) (Hsch. berrês fugitive, berreuô escape)
• Wesparioi Lokroi Epizephyrian (Western) Locrians (Attic hesperios of evening, western, Doric wesperios) (cf. Latin Vesper)
• opliai places where the Locrians counted their cattle

Elean

• aWlaneôs without fraud, honestly IvO7 (Attic adolôs)(Hsch.alanes true)(Tarentinian alaneôs absolutely)
• ? amillux scythe (Attic drepanon) in accus. (Boeotian amillakas wine)
• attamios unpunished (Attic azêmios) from an earliest addamios (cf.Cretan, Boeotian damioô punish)
• ? babakoi cicadas Elean (Attic tettiges) (in Pontus babakoi frogs)
• baideios ready (Attic hetoimos) (heteos fitness)
• beneoi Elean^[30]
• borsos cross (Attic stauros)
• bra brothers, brotherhood (Cf.Attic phratra)
• ? bratana ladle (Attic torune) (Doric rhatana) (cf. Aeolic bradanizô brandish, shake off)
• deirêtai small birds (Macedonian drêes or drêges) (Attic strouthoi) (Hsc. trikkos small bird and king by Eleans)
• Wratra law, contract (Attic rhetra)
• seros yesterday (Attic chthes)
• sterchana funeral feast (Attic perideipnon)
• philax young oak (Macedonian ilax, Latin ilex (Laconian dilax ariocarpus, sorbus)(Modern Cretan azilakas Holm Oak, Quercus ilex)
• ? phorbuta gums (Attic oula) (Homeric pherbô feed, eat)

Epirotic

• anchôrixantas^[31] having transferred, postponed^[32]Chaonian (Attic metapherô, anaballô) (anchôrizo anchi near +horizô define and Doric x instead of Attic s) (Cf. Ionic anchouros neighbouring) not to be confused with Doric anchôreô Attic ana-chôreô go back, withdraw.
• akathartia impurity (Attic/Doric akatharsia) (Lamelles Oraculaires 14)
• apotrachô run away (Attic/Doric apotrechô)^[33]
• ? aspaloi fishes Athamanian (Attic ichthyes) (Ionic chlossoi) (Cf.LSJ aspalia angling, aspalieus fisherman, aspalieuomai I angle metaph. of a lover, aspalisai: halieusai, sagêneusai. (hals sea)
• ? Aspetos divine epithet of Achilles in Epirus (Homeric aspetos 'unspeakable, unspeakably great, endless' (Aristotle F 563 Rose; Plutarch, Pyrrhus 1; SH 960,4)^{[34][35][36][37]}
• gnôskô know (Attic gignôskô) (Ionic/Koine ginôskô) (Latin n?sco)(Attic gnôsis, Latin notio knowledge) (ref.Orion p. 42.17)
• ? diaitos (Hshc. judge kritês) (Attic diaitêtês arbitrator) Lamelles Oraculaires 16
• ? eskichremen lend out (Lamelles Oraculaires 8 of Eubandros) (Attic eis + inf. kichranai from chraomai use)
• Weidus knowing (Doric ) weidôs) (Elean weizos) (Attic ) eidôs) (PIE *weid- "to know, to see", Sanskrit veda I know) Cabanes, L'Épire 577,50
• kaston wood Athamanian (Attic xylon from xyô scrape, hence xyston); Sanskrit kham ("wood, timber, firewood") (Dialectical kalon wood, traditionally derived from kaiô burn kauston sth that can be burnt, kausimon fuel)
• ? lêïtêres Athamanian priests with garlands Hes.text . (LSJ: lêitarchoi public priests ) (hence Leitourgia
• ? manu small Athamanian (Attic mikron, brachu) (Cf. manon rare) (PIE *men- small, thin) (Hsch. banon thin) ( manosporos thinly sown manophullos with small leaves Thphr.HP7.6.2-6.3)
• Naios or Naos epithet of Dodonaean Zeus (from the spring in the oracle) (cf. Naiades and Pan Naios in Pydna SEG 50:622 (Homeric naô flow, Attic nama spring) (PIE *sna-)
• pagaomai 'wash in the spring' (of Dodona) (Doric paga Attic pêgê running water, fountain)
• pampasia (to ask peri pampasias cliché phrase in the oracle) (Attic pampêsia full property) (Doric paomai obtain)
• Peliganes or Peligones (Epirotan, Macedonian senators)
• prami do optative (Attic prattoimi) Syncope (Lamelles Oraculaires 22)
• ? tine (Attic/Doric tini) to whom (Lamelles Oraculaires 7)
• ? trithutikon triple sacrifice tri + thuo(Lamelles Oraculaires 138)

See also

Wiktionary has a category on Doric Ancient Greek

• Tsakonian language
• Griko language
• Ancient Macedonian language
• Dorians

References

Further reading

• Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. A companion to the Ancient Greek language. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Cassio, Albio Cesare. 2002. "The language of Doric comedy." In The language of Greek comedy. Edited by Anton Willi, 51-83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos, ed. 2007. A history of Ancient Greek: From the beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. Greek: A history of the language and its speakers. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. The Greek language. London: Faber & Faber.

External links

• "The Doric Dialects" by J. Méndez Dosuna in: A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, 2007
• Doric Greek in Encyclopædia Britannica
• Grammar of the Greek Language (M1 Doric by Benjamin Franklin Fisk (1844)
• The Elements of Greek Grammar Doric by Richard Valpy, Charles Anthon (1834)
• New Pauly Online^{[permanent dead link]}