Antonov An-124
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Antonov An-124

An-124 Ruslan
An-124 RA-82028 in formation with Su-27 09-May-2010 (cropped).jpg
An An-124 of 224th Flight Unit
Role Heavy transport aircraft
Soviet Union
Design group Antonov
Built by Aviastar-SP
Antonov Serial Production Plant (former)
First flight 24 December 1982[1]
Introduction 1986
Status In service
Primary users Russian Air Force
Antonov Airlines
Volga-Dnepr Airlines
Produced 1982-2004
55[2]
Antonov An-225

The Antonov An-124 Ruslan (Ukrainian: ? -124 , lit. 'Ruslan'; NATO reporting name: Condor) is a large, strategic airlift, four-engined aircraft that was designed in the 1980s by the Antonov design bureau in the Ukrainian SSR, then part of the Soviet Union (USSR). Until the Boeing 747-8F, the An-124 was, for thirty years, the world's heaviest gross weight production cargo airplane and second heaviest operating cargo aircraft, behind the one-off Antonov An-225 Mriya (a greatly enlarged design based on the An-124).[4] The An-124 remains the largest military transport aircraft in current service.[5] The lead designer of the An-124 (and the An-225) was Viktor Tolmachev.[6]

During development it was known as Izdeliye 400 (Product #400) in house, and An-40 in the West. First flown in 1982, civil certification was issued on 30 December 1992.[7] In July 2013, 26 An-124s were in commercial service with 10 on order.[8]

In August 2014, it was reported that plans to resume joint production of the Antonov An-124 had been shelved due to the ongoing political tensions between Russia and Ukraine.[9] The sole remaining production facility is Russia's Aviastar-SP in Ulyanovsk. The various operators of the An-124 are in discussions with respect to the continuing airworthiness certification of the individual An-124 planes. The original designer of the An-124 is responsible for managing the certification process for its own products, but the Russia-Ukraine conflicts are making this process difficult to manage.[] In 2019, there were 26 An-124s in commercial service.

Development

During the 1970s, the Military Transport Aviation Command (Komandovaniye voyenno-transportnoy aviatsii or VTA) arm of the Soviet Air Forces had a shortfall in strategic heavy airlift capacity. Its largest planes consisted of about 50 Antonov An-22 turboprops, which were used heavily for tactical roles. A declassified 1975 CIA analysis concluded that the USSR did "...not match the US in ability to provide long-range heavy lift support."[10]

Polet Airlines An-124 cockpit

The An-124 was manufactured in parallel by two plants: the company Aviastar-SP (ex. Ulyanovsk Aviation Industrial Complex) in Ulyanovsk, Russia and by the Kyiv Aviation Plant AVIANT, in Ukraine. Design work started in 1971 and construction of facilities began in 1973. Manufacturing on the first airframe began in 1979.[11] Ultimately this project brought together over 100 factories contracted to produce systems and parts.

The first flight took place in December 1982 and the first exposure to the West followed in 1985 at the Paris Air Show.[12]

In the early 2000s, Volga-Dnepr upgraded its freighters with engine improvements to meet Chapter 4 noise regulations, structural improvements to increase service life, and avionics and systems changes for four persons operations down from six or seven.[13]

Russia and Ukraine agreed to resume the production in the third quarter of 2008.[14] In May 2008, a new variant--the An-124-150--was announced; it featured several improvements, including a maximum lift capacity of 150 tonnes.[15] However, in May 2009, Antonov's partner, the Russian United Aircraft Corporation announced it did not plan production of An-124s in the period 2009-2012.[16] In late 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev ordered production of the aircraft resumed. It is expected that Russia will purchase 20 new aircraft.[17][18] In August 2014, Jane's reported that, Russian Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade Yuri Slusar announced that Antonov An-124 production was stopped due to ongoing political tensions between Russia and Ukraine.[9]

As of late 2017, An-124s are being upgraded by the Aviastar-SP plant in Ulyanovsk, Russia, with three upgraded planes due to be ready by 2018.[] After Russia-Ukraine relations soured, Antonov had to source new suppliers and pushes to westernize the An-124. In 2018, GE Aviation was studying reengining it with CF6s for CargoLogicAir, a Volga-Dnepr subsidiary. This would likely provide a range increase, and Volga-Dnepr Group operates 12 aircraft, implying a 50-60 engines with spares program.[13]

In January 2019, Antonov revealed its plans to restart the An-124 production without support from Russia.[19]

Aviadvigatel indicates a further development of its PD-14 for an upgraded version of the Russian-manufactured An-124, titled PD-35, with 50% more power than the present Ukrainian Progress D-18T engines.[]

Russian replacement design

At MAKS Air Show in 2017, the TsAGI announced its An-124-102 Slon (elephant) design to replace the similar An-124-100. The design was detailed in January 2019 before Wind tunnel testing scheduled for August-September. It is intended to be produced at the Aviastar-SP factory in Ulyanovsk. It should transport 150 t (330,000 lb) over 3,800 nmi (7,000 km) (up from 1,675 nmi, 3,102 km), or 180 t (400,000 lb) over 2,650 nmi (4,910 km) at 460 kn (850 km/h). The Russian MoD wants a range of 4,100 nmi (7,600 km) with five Sprut-SDM-1 light tanks, their 100 crew and 300 armed soldiers.[20]

The planned An-124-102 is larger at 82.3 m (270 ft) long from 69 m (227 ft), with a 87-88 m (286-290 ft) span versus 73.3 m (240.5 ft) and 24.0 m (78.7 ft) high compared with 21.0 m (68.9 ft).[21] A new higher aspect ratio, composite wing and a 214-222 t (472,000-489,000 lb) airframe would allow a 490-500 t (1,080,000-1,100,000 lb) gross weight. It should be powered by Russian PD-35s developed for the CR929 widebody, producing 35 tf (77,000 lbf) up from 23 tf (51,000 lbf). Two fuselages are planned, one for Volga-Dnepr with a width of 5.3 m (17.4 ft) from the An-124's 4.4 m (14.4 ft), and one for the Russian MoD of 6.4 m (21 ft) wide to carry vehicles in two lines.[20]

By November 2019, the TsAGI had shown a 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) long and 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) wide model, ahead of windtunnel testing.[22]

Design

An-124-100 kneeling with front ramp down (nose undercarriage retracted)
kneeling detail
not kneeling - nose gear extended

Externally, the An-124 is similar to the American Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, having a double fuselage to allow for a rear cargo door (on the lower fuselage) that can open in flight without affecting structural integrity.[23] It is slightly shorter, with a slightly greater wingspan, and a 17% larger payload. Instead of the Galaxy's T-tail, the An-124 uses a conventional empennage, similar in design to that of the Boeing 747. The An-124's main engine is the Lotarev D-18 (238-250 kN).[]

The aircraft uses oleo strut suspension for its 24 wheels. The suspension has been calibrated to allow landing on rough terrain and is able to kneel to allow easier front loading.[23] The plane has an onboard overhead crane capable of lifting up to 30 tonnes of cargo, and items up to 120 tonnes can be winched on board.[24]

Up to 150 tonnes (150 long tons; 170 short tons) of cargo can be carried in a military An-124; it can also carry 88 passengers in an upper deck behind the wing centre section. The cargo compartment of An-124 is 36×6.4×4.4 m (118×21×14 ft), ca. 20% larger than the main cargo compartment of the C-5 Galaxy, which is 36.91×5.79×4.09 m (121.1×19.0×13.4 ft). Due to limited pressurisation in the main cargo compartment (24.6 kPa, 3.57 psi),[25] it seldom carries paratroopers.[26]

Pilots have stated that the An-124 is light on the controls and easy to handle for an aircraft of its size.[27]

Some airports require pavement protection from the heat and blast effects of the An-124's 2 TA18-200-124 auxiliary power units.[28]

Operational history

An-124 during unloading of an Atlas V rocket main stage

Germany led the recent effort to lease An-124s for NATO strategic airlift requirements. Two aircraft are leased from SALIS GmbH as a stopgap until the Airbus A400M is available.[29] Under NATO SALIS programme NAMSA is chartering six An-124-100 transport aircraft. According to the contract An-124-100s of Antonov Airlines and Volga-Dnepr are used within the limits of NATO SALIS programme to transport cargo by requests of 18 countries: Belgium, Hungary, Greece, Denmark, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Germany, Czech Republic and Sweden. Two An-124-100s are constantly based on full-time charter in the Leipzig/Halle airport, but the contract specifies that if necessary, two more aircraft will be provided at six days' notice and another two at nine days' notice.[30] The aircraft proved extremely useful for NATO especially with ongoing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.[31]

The Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle "Mystic" being loaded at Naval Air Station North Island, California, US

United Launch Alliance (ULA) contracts the An-124 to transport the Atlas V launch vehicle from its facilities in Decatur, Alabama to Cape Canaveral. ULA also uses the An-124 to transport the Atlas V launch vehicle and Centaur upper stage from their manufacturing facility in Denver, Colorado to Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg Air Force Base.[32] Two flights are required to transfer each launch vehicle (one for the Atlas V main booster stage and another for the Centaur upper stage).[33] It is also contracted by Space Systems Loral to transport satellites from Palo Alto, CA to the Arianespace spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana[34] and by SpaceX to transport payload fairings between their factory in Hawthorne, California and Cape Canaveral.[35]

As of 2013 the An-124 has visited 768 airports in over 100 countries.[36]

By late 2020 three civil operators of the An-124 remained. Antonov Airlines with seven aircraft and Volga-Dnepr Airlines with 12 and Maximus Air Cargo with one. In November 2020, Volga-Dnepr reported that it was indefinitely grounding its fleet of An-124 aircraft in order to inspect the 60 engines (including spares) following the 13 November 2020 unconfined engine failure at Novosibirsk.[37]

Significant activities

  • In May 1987, an An-124 set a world record, covering the distance of 20,151 km (10,881 nmi) without refuelling.[38] The flight took 25 hours and 30 minutes; the takeoff weight was 455,000 kg.[]
  • In July 1985, an An-124 carried 171,219 kg (377,473 lb) of cargo to an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and 170,000 kg to an altitude of 10,750 m (35,270 ft).[39]
  • An An-124 was used to transport the Obelisk of Axum back to its native homeland of Ethiopia from Rome in April 2005.[40]
  • An An-124 was used to transport an EP-3E Aries II electronic intelligence aircraft from Hainan Island, China on 4 July 2001 following the Hainan Island incident.
  • In July 2010, an An-124 was used to transport four 35-foot and three 21-foot skimmer boats from France to the US to assist with the clean-up of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill[41]
  • An An-124 was used in April 2011 to airlift a large Putzmeister concrete pump from Germany to Japan to help cool reactors damaged in the Fukushima nuclear accident.[42] The An-225 was used to transport an even larger Putzmeister concrete pump to Japan from the United States.[43]
  • An An-124 was used in May 2018 to transport an 87,000 lb die tools from Eaton Rapids, Michigan, USA to Nottingham, England in order to restart Ford F-150 production due to a fire in the Eaton Rapids Magnesium Casting Facility.[44]

Variants

Volga-Dnepr Antonov An-124-100M-150 with nose door open at MAKS 2005, Moscow - Zhukovskiy; Cubana de Aviación Ilyushin Il-96 in background.
An-124-100 of Maximus Air Cargo at Brno Airport (2010)
An-124 Ruslan
Strategic heavy airlift transport aircraft
An-124-100
Commercial transport aircraft
An-124-100M-150
Commercial transport version fitted with Western avionics
An-124-102
Commercial transport version with an EFIS flight deck
An-124-115M
Planned new variant with EFIS based on Rockwell Collins avionic parts
An-124-130
Proposed version
An-124-135
Variant with one seat in the rear and the rest of the cargo area (approx. 1,800 square feet) dedicated to freight
An-124-150
New variant with increased payload (150 tonnes)
An-124-200
Proposed version with General Electric CF6-80C2 engines, each rated at 59,200 lbf (263 kN)
An-124-210
Joint proposal with Air Foyle to meet UK's Short Term Strategic Airlifter (STSA) requirement, with Rolls-Royce RB211-524H-T engines, each rated 60,600 lbf (264 kN) and Honeywell avionics--STSA competition abandoned in August 1999, reinstated, and won by the Boeing C-17A.
An-124-300
Variant ordered by the Russian Air Force with new avionics, a new improved braking system and a payload of 150 tonnes.[45]

Operators

An-124 of Russia State Transport Company at Perth Airport in the mid-1990s

Military

 Russia

Former military operators

 Soviet Union

Civil

A Volga-Dnepr An-124-100
224th Flight Unit An-124 inflight with 2 Sukhoi Su-27s of the Falcons of Russia at the 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade.
An-124 of Libyan Arab Air Cargo.
AN-124 of Antonov Airlines at Long Beach Airport. Cargo: composite parts for Airbus A350 XWB

In July 2013, 26 An-124s were in commercial service.[8]

 Russia
 Ukraine
 United Arab Emirates

Former civil operators

 Libya
 Russia
 Soviet Union
  • Aeroflot Soviet Airlines - transferred to the Russian Aeroflot fleet
 United Kingdom

Notable accidents

As of June 2019, five An-124 hull-losses have been recorded involving a total of 97 fatalities,[60][59] including -

  • On 13 October 1992, SSSR-82002, operated by Antonov Airlines crashed near Kyiv, Ukraine during flight testing, suffering nose cargo door failure during high-speed descent (part of test program) resulting in total loss of control. The airplane came down in a forest near Kyiv, killing eight of the nine crew on board.[61]
  • On 15 November 1993, RA-82071, operated by Aviastar Airlines crashed into a mountain at 11,000 feet (3,400 m) while in a holding pattern at Kerman, Iran. 17 fatalities.[62]
  • On 8 October 1996, RA-82069, owned by Aeroflot but operated by Ayaks Cargo, crashed at San Francesco al Campo, Italy, while initiating a go-around after a low visibility approach on Turin Caselle airport's runway 36. Four fatalities.[63]
  • On 6 December 1997, RA-82005, operated by the Russian Air Force, crashed in a residential area after take-off in Irkutsk, Russia. All 23 people on board and 49 people on the ground were killed.[64]

One other significant accident has involved an An-124:

  • On 13 November 2020, the second engine of RA-82042, operated by Volga-Dnepr Airlines, suffered an uncontained engine failure after takeoff from Novosibirsk, Russia. Subsequently, after landing there, the aircraft suffered a runway excursion and the nose landing gear collapsed.[65] On 25 November, the airline voluntarily grounded its entire fleet of An-124 aircraft.[66] As of 29 December, the first of Volga-Dnepr Antonov AN-124-100 is back in service.[67]

Specifications (An-124-100M)

three sides view
payload-range diagram

Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2006-07[68]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 6 (pilot, copilot, navigator, chief flight engineer, electrical flight engineer, radio operator) + 2 loadmasters
  • Capacity: 88 passengers in upper aft fuselage, or the hold can take an additional 350 pax on a palletised seating system / 150,000 kg (330,693 lb)
  • Length: 69.1 m (226 ft 8 in)
  • Wingspan: 73.3 m (240 ft 6 in)
  • Height: 21.08 m (69 ft 2 in)
  • Wing area: 628 m2 (6,760 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 8.6
  • Airfoil: TsAGI Supercritical[69]
  • Empty weight: 181,000 kg (399,037 lb)
  • Gross weight: 214,000 kg (471,789 lb) maximum fuel weight
  • Max takeoff weight: 402,000 kg (886,258 lb)
  • Maximum landing weight: 330,000 kg (727,525 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 348,740 l (92,130 US gal; 76,710 imp gal)
  • Powerplant: 4 × Progress D-18T high-bypass turbofan engines, 229 kN (51,000 lbf) thrust each

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 865 km/h (537 mph, 467 kn) max
800-850 km/h (500-530 mph; 430-460 kn) at FL 328-394 (32,800-39,400 ft (9,997-12,009 m) at regional pressure setting)
  • Approach speed: 230-260 km/h (140-160 mph; 120-140 kn)
  • Range: 3,700 km (2,300 mi, 2,000 nmi) with max payload
8,400 km (5,200 mi; 4,500 nmi) with 80,000 kg (176,370 lb) payload
11,500 km (7,100 mi; 6,200 nmi) with 40,000 kg (88,185 lb) payload
  • Ferry range: 14,000 km (8,700 mi, 7,600 nmi) with max fuel and minimum payload
  • Service ceiling: 12,000 m (39,000 ft) max certified altitude
  • Wing loading: 640.1 kg/m2 (131.1 lb/sq ft)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.23
  • Take-off run (maximum take-off weight): 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
  • Landing roll (maximum landing weight): 900 m (3,000 ft)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

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  4. ^ Though the as planned An-124-100M-150 enlarged version has a 7% higher payload than the operational Boeing 747-8F. The 747-8F has over two times the range 5,050 mi (8,130 km) with a payload of 295,800 lb (134,200 kg) than the An-124-100M-150 with the same payload. The An-124-100M-150 is to carry less than half the payload at the same range.[3]
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  6. ^ 08/11/2014 (24 December 1982). "Volga-Dnepr Group Celebrates 80th Birthday of Legendary Chief Designer of the An-124 and An-225 Transport Aircraft". Volga-dnepr.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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Further reading

External links


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Antonov An-124-100 Ruslan RWY 29 EPWR
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Antonov An-124 WET RUNWAY takeoff at Zurich Airport
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Antonov An-124 landing Caselle Airport 23/08/2011
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Antonov An-124-100 Ruslan EPWR RWY 29 takeoff
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