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Despite its multi-ethnic composition,[59][60] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstreamAmerican culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.[59] It also includes influences of African-American culture.[61] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.[59]
In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.[62][63][64]
The United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically.[68]Six races are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes: White, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.[69][70][71]
The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.[69][70][71]
White and European Americans
People of European descent, or White Americans (also referred to as Caucasian Americans), constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72.4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.[a][65][73] They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[65] Of those reporting to be White American, 7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial; with largest combination being white and black.[73] Additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos.[73]Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 45 states. There are five minority-majority states: California, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, and Hawaii.[74][75] In addition, the District of Columbia and the five inhabited U.S. territories have a non-white majority.[65] The state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine.[76]
The Spaniards were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the continental United States in 1565.[78]Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the continental United States.[79]Virginia Dare, born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the original Thirteen Colonies to English parents. The Spaniards also established a continuous presence in what over three centuries later would become a possession of the United States with the founding of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1521.
In the 2017 American Community Survey, German Americans (13.2%), Irish Americans (9.7%), English Americans (7.1%) and Italian Americans (5.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States forming 35.1% of the total population.[80] However, the English Americans and British Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as they tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (since the introduction of a new "American" category in the 1990 census) due to the length of time they have inhabited America. This is highly over-represented in the Upland South, a region that was settled historically by the British.[81][82][83][84][85][86]
In 2014, The United States Census Bureau began finalizing the ethnic classification of MENA populations.[99] According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), Arab Americans have family origins in each of the 22 member states of the Arab League.[100] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The expert groups, felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.[101] This new category would also include Jewish Americans.[102] The Census Bureau does not currently ask about whether one is Sikh, because it views them as followers of a religion rather than members of an ethnic group, and it does not combine questions concerning religion with race or ethnicity.[103] As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Turkish, Sudanese, Djiboutian, Somali, Mauritanian, Armenian, Cypriot, Afghan, Azerbaijani and Georgian groups.[104] In January 2018, it was announced that the Census Bureau would not include the grouping in the 2020 Census.[105]
Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in Sub-Saharan Africa.[128] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa.[129] The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification since not all immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa are "Black". Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde, Madagascar, various Arab states and Hamito-Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel, and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa.[128]
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[130] According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.4% of the population. In addition, there were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which comprised 12.1% of the population.[131] This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census, when including Multiracial African Americans,[129] making up 14% of the total U.S. population.[c][132] Black and African Americans make up the second largest group in the United States, but the third largest group after White Americans and Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race).[109] The majority of the population (55%) lives in the South; compared to the 2000 Census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.[132]
According to US Census Bureau data, very few African immigrants self-identify as African American. On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 US Census. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants (~95%) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities. Self-designation as "African American" or "Afro-American" was highest among individuals from West Africa (4%-9%), and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde, East Africa and Southern Africa (0%-4%).[146] African immigrants may also experience conflict with African Americans.[147]
Black and African American population by ancestry group[91][129]
Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 17.3 million in 2010, or 5.6% of the U.S. population.[d][148][149] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state.[150] In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).[150] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.[151]
They are by no means a monolithic group. The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, Mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.[152] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.[153][154] For better or for worse, the group has been called a model minority.[155][156][157]
While Asian Americans have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,[158][159][160] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.[160] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.[161] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".[162][163]
According to the 2010 Census, there are 5.2 million people who are Native Americans or Alaska Natives alone, or in combination with one or more races; they make up 1.7% of the total population.[e][164] According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America.[164] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;[164] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%).[164] Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;[165] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.[166]
The United States has a growing multiracial identity movement.[187]Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;[149] by the 2010 census the Multiracial increased to 9,009,073, or 2.9% of the total population.[188] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "some other race") and ethnicities.[189] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.[188]Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States, is biracial with his mother being of English and Irish descent and his father being of Kenyan birth;[190][191] however, Obama only self-identifies as being African American.[192][193]
Population by selected Two or More Races Population[194]
According to the 2010 United States Census, 6.2% or 19,107,368 Americans chose to self-identify with the "some other race" category, the third most popular option. Also, 36.7% or 18,503,103 Hispanic/Latino Americans chose to identify as some other race as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the U.S. Census does not describe their European and American Indian ancestry as they understand it to be.[195]
A significant portion of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community. Mestizo is not a racial category in the U.S. Census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian ancestry.
Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States - for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.
Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African-American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.
Language
Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in 2010[196]
English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws--such as U.S. naturalization requirements--standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[197][198] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[199] Both English and Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[200]
While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[201] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.[202] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.
Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries, as well as a diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed countries, although similar to the other nations of the Americas.[204] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.[205]
Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their own religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.[212] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. The decision was mainly influenced by European Rationalist and Protestant ideals, but was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[213]
Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy.[218] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reaction to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was degenerate.[218] Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as national holidays, uniquely American sports, military tradition,[219] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.[220]
American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, faith in freedom and democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.
^Smith, Dr. Claire M. (August 2010). "These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout"(PDF). OVF Research Newsletter. Overseas Vote Foundation. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 24, 2013. Retrieved 2012. Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City.
^Barrie McKenna (June 27, 2012). "Tax amnesty offered to Americans in Canada". The Globe and Mail. Ottawa. Retrieved 2012. There are roughly a million Americans in Canada - many with little or no ties to the United States.
^Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (December 2017). Table 1. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country, or a area of destination, 1990-2017 (Report). United Nations. International Migration. Retrieved 2019. HV1731 2,694 United Nations Population Division (February 28, 2018). Origins and Destinations of the World's Migrants, 1990-2017 (Report). Pew Research Center. p. Global Attitudes & Trends. Retrieved 2019. United States <10,000 Gottipati, Sruthi (February 8, 2012). "Expats Flock to India Seeking Jobs, Excitement". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019. While 35,973 U.S. citizens (not including those eligible for special visas available for Americans of Indian origin) registered in 2008, 41,938 did so the following year, according to the latest figures available with the Ministry of Home Affairs. White House (June 26, 2017). "The United States and India -- Prosperity Through Partnership". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 2019 – via National Archives. Today, nearly 4 million Indian-Americans reside in the United States and over 700,000 U.S. citizens live in India. Last year, the United States Government issued nearly one million visas to Indian citizens, and facilitated 1.7 million visits by Indian citizens to the United States.
^Evan S. Medeiros; Keith Crane; Eric Heginbotham; Norman D. Levin; Julia F. Lowell (November 7, 2008). Pacific Currents: The Responses of U.S. Allies and Security Partners in East Asia to ChinaâEURTMs Rise. Rand Corporation. p. 115. ISBN978-0-8330-4708-3. An estimated 4 million Filipino-Americans, most of whom are U.S. citizens or dual citizens, live in the United States, and over 250,000 U.S. citizens live in the Philippines. "New U.S. ambassador to PH aims to 'strengthen' ties". CNN Philippines. Metro Manila. December 2, 2016. Retrieved 2017. According to his figures, there are about 4 million Filipino-Americans residing in the U.S., and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines. Lozada, Aaron (December 2, 2016). "New U.S. envoy: Relationship with PH 'most important'". ABS-CBN News. Manila. Retrieved 2017. According to Kim, the special relations between the U.S. and the Philippines is evident in the "four million Filipino-Americans who are residing in the United States and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines." International Business Publications, USA (August 1, 2013). Philippines Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. Int'l Business Publications. p. 29. ISBN978-1-4387-7078-9. An estimated 600,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year, while an estimated 300,000 reside in-country. Kapoor, Kanupriya; Dela Cruz, Enrico (October 17, 2016). "Americans in Philippines jittery as Duterte rails against United States". Reuters. Olongapo. Retrieved 2018. About four million people of Philippine ancestry live in the United States, one of its largest minorities, and about 220,000 Americans, many of them military veterans, live in the Philippines. An additional 650,000 visit each year, according to U.S. State Department figures. "FACT SHEET: United States-Philippines Bilateral Relations". U.S. Embassy in the Philippines. United States Department of State. April 28, 2014. Retrieved 2018. Around 350,000 Americans reside in the Philippines, and approximately 600,000 U.S. citizens visit the country each year.
^Cooper, Matthew (November 15, 2013). "Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony". National Journal. Retrieved 2015. c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief.
^Michele Chabin (March 19, 2012). "In vitro babies denied U.S. citizenship". USA Today. Jerusalem. Retrieved 2012. Most of the 200,000 U.S. citizens in Israel have dual citizenship, and fertility treatments are common because they are free.
^"Americans in France". Embassy of the United States, Paris. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved 2015. Today, although no official figure is available it is estimated that over 150,000 American citizens reside in France, making France one of the top 10 destinations for American expatriates.
^"U.S. Citizen Services". Embassy of the United States Seoul, Korea. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012. This website is updated daily and should be your primary resource when applying for a passport, Consular Report of Birth Abroad, notarization, or any of the other services we offer to the estimated 120,000 U.S. citizens traveling, living, and working in Korea. "North Korea propaganda video depicts invasion of South Korea, US hostage taking". Advertiser. Agence France-Presse. March 22, 2013. Retrieved 2013. According to official immigration figures, South Korea has an American population of more than 130,000 civilians and 28,000 troops.
^"Background Note: Costa Rica". Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. United States Department of State. April 9, 2012. Retrieved 2012. Over 130,000 private American citizens, including many retirees, reside in the country and more than 700,000 American citizens visit Costa Rica annually. Bloom, Laura Begley (July 31, 2018). "More Americans are fleeing to cheap faraway places". New York Post. Retrieved 2020. Approximately 120,000 citizens live in this stable country, many as retirees, according to the State Department.
^"Colombia (03/28/13)". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved 2014. Based on Colombian statistics, an estimated 60,000 U.S. citizens reside in Colombia and 280,000 U.S. citizens travel, study and do business in Colombia each year.
^"Hong Kong (10/11/11)". Previous Editions of Hong Kong Background Note. United States Department of State. October 11, 2011. Retrieved 2012. There are some 1,400 U.S. firms, including 817 regional operations (288 regional headquarters and 529 regional offices), and over 60,000 American residents in Hong Kong.
^Gishkori, Zahid (July 30, 2015). "Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 2017. As many as 116,308 Afghan nationals are living as immigrants in the country, higher than any other country," Nisar told the House. Besides Afghans, 52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the interior minister added.
^"Argentina (03/12/12)". Previous Editions of Argentina Background Note. United States Department of State. March 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012. The Embassy's Consular Section monitors the welfare and whereabouts of some 37,000 U.S. citizen residents of Argentina and more than 500,000 U.S. tourists each year.
^"Bahamas, The (01/25/12)". Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. January 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012. The countries share ethnic and cultural ties, especially in education, and The Bahamas is home to approximately 30,000 American residents.
^Kate King (July 18, 2006). "U.S. family: Get us out of Lebanon". CNN. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved 2012. About 350 of the estimated 25,000 American citizens in Lebanon had been flown to Cyprus from the U.S. Embassy in Beirut by nightfall Tuesday, Maura Harty, the assistant secretary of state for consular affairs, told reporters.
^"Panama (03/09)". Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. March 2009. Retrieved 2012. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality.
^"El Salvador (01/10)". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved 2014. More than 19,000 American citizens live and work full-time in El Salvador
^"Honduras (11/23/09)". Previous Editions of Honduras Background Note. United States Department of State. November 23, 2009. Retrieved 2012. U.S.-Honduran ties are further strengthened by numerous private sector contacts, with an average of between 80,000 and 110,000 U.S. citizens visiting Honduras annually and about 15,000 Americans residing there.
^"06-08 Foreign Residents". National Immigration Agency, MOI. Department of Statistics, Ministry of the Interior. 2011. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved 2012.
^"Bermuda (12/09/11)". Previous Editions of Bermuda Background Note. United States Department of State. December 9, 2011. Retrieved 2012. An estimated 8,000 registered U.S. citizens live in Bermuda, many of them employed in the international business community.
^ abLuis Lug; Sandra Stencel; John Green; Gregory Smith; Dan Cox; Allison Pond; Tracy Miller; Elixabeth Podrebarac; Michelle Ralston (February 2008). "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey"(PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2012.
^See, e.g., Allen v. Barr, No. 18-3028, at p.4This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. (2d Cir. Jan. 3, 2020) (the court agreed with a lawful permanent resident (LPR) of the United States that he is an American and cannot be removed from the country); Khalid v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 129, 131This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. (2d Cir. 2018) (same); Tineo v. Attorney General, 937 F.3d 200, 218This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. (3d Cir. 2019) ("Tineo became a U.S. citizen when his father naturalized...."); Anderson v. Holder, 673 F.3d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 2012) (same); Dent v. Sessions, 900 F.3d 1075, 1080This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. (9th Cir. 2018) ("An individual has third-party standing when [(1)] the party asserting the right has a close relationship with the person who possesses the right [and (2)] there is a hindrance to the possessor's ability to protect his own interests.") (quoting Sessions v. Morales-Santana, 137 S.Ct. 1678, 1689This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. (2017)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Gonzalez-Alarcon v. Macias, 884 F.3d 1266This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. (10th Cir. 2018).
^Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN9780674157262. Retrieved 2013. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
^"Foreign nationals". Federal Election Commission. June 23, 2017. Retrieved 2021.
^8 U.S.C.§ 1101(22) ("The term 'national of the United States' means (A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.") (emphasis added).
^Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). The New American Democracy. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN0-321-07058-5;
^U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign-Born Population Frequently asked Questions viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.
^ abcAdams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN0-7872-8145-X.
^ abThompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson. ISBN0-205-41365-X.
^Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18-38. ISBN0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN0-8039-5912-5.
^Jay Tolson (July 28, 2008). "A Growing Trend of Leaving America". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2012. Estimates made by organizations such as the Association of Americans Resident Overseas put the number of nongovernment-employed Americans living abroad anywhere between 4 million and 7 million, a range whose low end is based loosely on the government's trial count in 1999.
^"The American Diaspora". Esquire. Hurst Communications, Inc. Retrieved 2012. he most frequently cited estimate of nonmilitary U. S. citizens living overseas is between three and six million, based on a very rough State Department calculation in 1999--and never updated.
^ abcdefGrieco, Elizabeth M.; Acosta, Yesenia D.; de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Gamino, Christina; Gryn, Thomas; Larsen, Luke J.; Trevelyan, Edward N.; Walters, Nathan P. (May 2012). "The Foreign Born Population in the United States: 2010"(PDF). American Community Survey Reports. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved 2015.
^ abcdLindsay Hixson; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (September 2011). "The White Population: 2010"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2012.
^Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
^Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.
^Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.
^Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "The Hispanic Population: 2010"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 14 (Table 6). Retrieved 2011.
^"History Crash Course #55: Jews and the Founding of America" Spiro, Rabbi Ken. Aish.com. Published December 8, 2001. Accessed December 12, 2015. "The first Jews arrived in America with Columbus in 1492, and we also know that Jews newly-converted to Christianity were among the first Spaniards to arrive in Mexico with Conquistador Hernando Cortez in 1519."
^ ab"Arab Americans: An Integral Part of American Society" Arab American National Museum. Published 2009. Accessed December 12, 2015. "Zammouri, the first Arab American...traveled over 6,000 miles between 1528 and 1536, trekking across the American Southwest."
^"2015 National Content Test"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 33-34. Retrieved 2015. The Census Bureau is undertaking related mid-decade research for coding and classifying detailed national origins and ethnic groups, and our consultations with external experts on the Asian community have also suggested Sikh receive a unique code classified under Asian. The Census Bureau does not currently tabulate on religious responses to the race or ethnic questions (e.g., Sikh, Jewish, Catholic, Muslim, Lutheran, etc.).
^Ira Sheskin; Arnold Dashefsky (2010). "Jewish Population in the United States, 2010"(PDF). Mandell L. Berman Institute North American Jewish Data Bank, Center for Judaic Studies and Contemporary Jewish Life, University of Connecticut. Brandeis University. Retrieved 2015.
^Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011. "Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
^Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "The Hispanic Population: 2010"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2012.
^ abcSonya Tastogi; Tallese D. Johnson; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel; Malcolm P. Drewery, Jr. (September 2011). "The Black Population: 2010"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2012.
^Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong (2004). The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. p. 7. ISBN978-0-415-93465-7. Retrieved 2012. In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the American mainstream.
^Carl Zimmer (December 24, 2014). "White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018. The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American.
^Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. OceanSide Publications, Inc. 13 (5): 225-232. doi:10.2500/108854192778817040. PMID1483570.
^Thornton, Russell (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 132. ISBN9780806122205. Retrieved 2012. From whatever cause wars may be brought on, either between different Indian tribes or between indians and whites, they are very destructive, not only of the lives of the warriors engaged in it, but of the women and children also, often becoming a war of extermination.
^Blond, Becca; Dunford, Lisa; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2008). Southwest USA. Country Regional Guides. Lonely Planet. p. 37. ISBN9781741047134. Retrieved 2012.
^ abKaren R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010"(PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013.
^Nocholas A. Jones; Jungmiwka Bullock (September 2012). "The Two or More Races Population: 2010"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2014.
^"Religious Composition of the U.S."(PDF). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2007. Archived(PDF) from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009.
^Feldman, Noah (2005). Divided by God. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 10 ("For the first time in recorded history, they designed a government with no established religion at all.")
^Marsden, George M. 1990. Religion and American Culture. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp.45-46.
^Carlos E. Cortés (September 3, 2013). Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 220. ISBN978-1-4522-7626-7. The dominance of English and Anglo values in U.S. culture is evident in the country's major institutions, demonstrating the melting pot model.
^Peter J. Parish (January 1997). Reader's Guide to American History. Taylor & Francis. p. 276. ISBN978-1-884964-22-0. However, France was second only to Britain in its influence upon the formation of American politics and culture.