| Aghul | |
|---|---|
| ? / A?ul al | |
| Native to | Russia, also spoken in Azerbaijan |
| Region | Southeastern Dagestan |
| Ethnicity | Aguls |
Native speakers | 29,300 (2010 census)[1] |
| Cyrillic | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Russia |
| Language codes | |
agx | |
| Glottolog | aghu1253 |
Aghul is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Aghuls in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 29,300[2] people (2010 census).
Classification
Aghul belongs to the Eastern Samur group of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.
Geographic distribution
In 2002, Aghul was spoken by 28,300 people in Russia, mainly in Southern Dagestan, as well as 32 people in Azerbaijan.[3]
Related languages
There are nine languages in the Lezgian language family, namely: Aghul, Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
Phonology
Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants.[4] Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. Some[which?] Aghul dialects have an especially large number[vague] of permitted initial tense consonants.[4]
Vowels
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal |
Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | ||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||||
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | ? | |||||||
| voiceless | fortis | p: | t: | k: | q: | ||||||
| lenis | p | t | k | q | ? | ? | |||||
| ejective | p' | t' | k' | q' | |||||||
| Affricate | voiced | d | d | ||||||||
| voiceless | fortis | t?s: | t: | t:? | |||||||
| lenis | t?s | t | t | ||||||||
| ejective | t?s' | t' | t' | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | fortis | f: | s: | ?: | ?:? | x: | ?: | |||
| lenis | f | s | ? | x | ? | ? | |||||
| voiced | v | z | ? | ? | ? | ? | |||||
| Trill | r | ? | |||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | |||||||||
- The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by the source.
- The epiglottal stop is included by Omniglot in the phoneme list, but not by Titus Didactica.
- Omniglot says that the lenis voiceless stops are aspirated. It also says that the epiglottals are in fact pharyngeals.[7]
Alphabet
| ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | ?I ?I | ||||
| ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | ||
| ? ? | ?I ?I | ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | ||||
| ? ? | ? ? | ?I ?I | ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | |||
| ?I ?I | ? ? | ? ? | ? ? | ?I ?I | ||||
| ? ? | ?I ?I | ? ? | ?I ?I | ? ? | ? ? | ? | ||
| I | ? | ? | ? ? | ? ? | ? ? |
Grammar
![[icon]](http://www.popflock.com/learn?s=File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) |
Case
There are four core cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and dative, as well as a large series of location cases. All cases other than the absolutive (which is unmarked) and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix.
Adjectives
Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also case if used as nominal. As attribute they are invariable. Thus id?ed "good", ergative, id?edi, etc. -n, -s; pl. id?edar; but Id?e insandi hhu? qini "The good man killed the wolf" (subject in ergative case).
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Singular (Aghul) | Plural (Aghul) | Singular (Tokip) | Plural (Tokip) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | zun | ?in (ex), xin (in) | ?i (ex), xi (in) | ?i, xi |
| 2 | wun | ?un | ?un | ?u |
Vocabulary
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010) |
Writing system
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010) |
Examples
Cyrillic writing
?: - ? : «, ? ; ? . ? ?. ? , ? ?. ? ».[8]
Transliteration
?isaji punaja geburis: - Du'g?e ak'e mi?tti: "Dad, Ve ttur girami x'uraj; Ve Paag'vel adiraj. T?alab ark'aja ?in Vakes g'er jag'as guni. G?il g'u?en ?e gunag'arilas, ?inna g'il g'ur?andu k?ildi ?as ?ajvelar ark'attarilas. X?a temex?era x'as amarta ?as." [7]
Translation
And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth. Give us day by day our daily bread. And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil.[9]
References
- ^ Aghul at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ "Aghul".
- ^ "Aghul".
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167-168)
- ^ Magometov, Aleksandr Amarovic. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk: (issledovanie i teksty). Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo "Mecniereba".
- ^ Gippert, Jost. "Titus Didactica: North-East Caucasian Consonant Systems". titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de.
- ^ a b "Photo" (GIF). www.omniglot.com.
- ^ "Aghul lp". Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved .
- ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Luke 11 - King James Version". Bible Gateway.
Bibliography
- Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. A grammar of Lezgian. (Mouton grammar library; 9). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. - ISBN 3-11-013735-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Talibov, Bukar B. and Magomed M. Gad?iev. 1966. Lezginsko-russkij slovar'. Moskva: Izd. Sovetskaja ?nciklopedija.
External links
- Languages of the World report
- UCLA phonetics lab data for Aghul
- Aghul word lists from the UCLA phonetics lab archive
- Aghul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
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