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The Adoration of the Shepherds, in the Nativity of Jesus in art, is a scene in which shepherds are near witnesses to the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem, arriving soon after the actual birth. It is often combined in art with the Adoration of the Magi, in which case it is typically just referred to by the latter title. The Annunciation to the Shepherds, when they are summoned by an angel to the scene, is a distinct subject.
Biblical narrative
The Adoration of the Shepherds is based on the account in the Luke 2, not reported by any other Canonical Gospel, which states that an angel appeared to a group of shepherds, saying that Christ had been born in Bethlehem, followed by a crowd of angels saying Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth to [people] of good will. This Annunciation to the shepherds forms a distinct subject in Christian art and is sometimes included in a Nativity scene as a peripheral feature (even though it occurs prior to the adoration itself), as in the 1485 scene by Domenico Ghirlandaio, where it can be seen in the upper left corner. Ghirlandaio also shows a procession of Magi about to arrive with their gifts.
The shepherds are then described as hurrying to Bethlehem to visit Jesus, and making widely known what they had been told concerning him, before they finally return to their flocks. They praise God for "all the things that they had heard and seen, as it was told them," (Luke 2:20). Robert Gundry notes that the statement "appeals to eyewitness testimony combined with heavenly revelation."[1]
In art
The scene is very commonly combined with the Adoration of the Magi, which makes for a balanced composition, as the two groups often occupy opposite sides of the image space around the central figures, and represent the theological interpretation of the episode where the two groups - Jewish and gentile - represented the peoples of the world between them.[] This combination is first found in the 6th century Monza ampullae made in Byzantine Palaestina Prima.
In Renaissance art, drawing on classical stories of Orpheus, the shepherds are sometimes depicted with musical instruments.[2] A charming but atypical miniature in the La Flora Hours in Naples shows the shepherds playing to the Infant Jesus, as a delighted Virgin Mary stands to one side.
Many artists have depicted the Adoration of the Shepherds. Famous examples include:
- Correggio: Adoration of the Shepherds, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden
- Caravaggio: Adoration of the Shepherds, Museo Regionale, Messina
- Domenichino: Adoration of the Shepherds, National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh
- Giorgione, Allendale Nativity, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
- El Greco, Adoration of the Shepherds, Museo del Prado, Madrid
- Le Nain brothers: Adoration of the Shepherds, National Gallery, London
- Hugo van der Goes: Portinari Triptych, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
- Lorenzo di Credi: Adoration of the Shepherds, also Uffizi
- Andrea Mantegna: The Adoration of the Shepherds, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
- Edward Burne-Jones's stained-glass windows in Trinity Church, Boston
- Giotto, in the Scrovegni Chapel, Padua
- Georges de La Tour, Louvre, Paris
- Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, the Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
- Nicolas Poussin and Rembrandt, National Gallery, London
- Poussin's painting was vandalised in 2011, along with his The Adoration of the Golden Calf.
- Martin Schongauer, Berlin
- Domenico Ghirlandaio, Sassetti Chapel, Santa Trinita, Florence
- Gerard van Honthorst, Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne
Christmas carols
Several well-known Christmas carols mention the adoration of the shepherds. Some of these do so along the lines of urging the listener to come to Bethlehem such as the "Shepherd's Pipe Carol". The modern "Calypso Carol" has the lines "Shepherds swiftly from your stupor rise / to see the Saviour of the world," and the chorus "O now carry me to Bethlehem." "Angels We Have Heard on High" says, "Come to Bethlehem and see / Him Whose birth the angels sing."
"O Come, All Ye Faithful" ("Adeste Fideles" in the Latin version) has a verse which runs:
See how the shepherds,
Summoned to His cradle,
Leaving their flocks, draw nigh to gaze;
We too will thither
Bend our joyful footsteps.
Other carols which mention the adoration of the shepherds include "Silent Night", "What Child Is This?", "Infant Holy, Infant Lowly", "I Wonder as I Wander", and "O Come, Little Children". The German carol "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her" ("From Heaven Above to Earth I Come") contains several stanzas on the subject of following the shepherds and celebrating the newborn baby. The Czech carol "Nesem vám noviny ("Come, All Ye Shepherds", in German "Kommet, ihr Hirten") concerns the adoration of the shepherds; the middle verse of Mari Ruef Hofer's English version runs:
Hasten then, hasten to Bethlehem's stall,
There to see heaven descend to us all.
With holy feeling, there humbly kneeling,
We will adore Him, bow down before Him,
Worship the King.[3]
Gallery of art
Adoration of the Magi in the Byzantine and Christian Museum in Athens.
Duccio di Buoninsegna, 1308-1311
Giotto, c. 1320
Andrea Mantegna, 1451-1453
Hugo van der Goes c. 1475
Correggio, 1529
Gaudenzio Ferrari c. 1533
Bramantino between 1500 and 1535
Jacopo Bassano, 1580
Nicolaes Maes, 1660-1590
Gerard van Honthorst, 1622
Matthias Stom, between 1625 and 1650
French Limoges enamel plaque, mid-16th century
Guido Reni, 1630-1642
Jacob Jordaens, 1657
Gregorio Fernández, c. 1614
Polidoro da Caravaggio, 16th century
Georges de La Tour c. 1644
El Greco, 1614
Ukrainian religious icon, late 17th century
Ignace Robert c. 1691, Toul Cathedral
Sebastiano Conca c. 1720
Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo c. 1751-1753
James Tissot, 1886-1894
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See also
References
- ^ Robert H. Gundry, A Survey of the New Testament (4th ed., Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003), 218.
- ^ Earls, Irene, Renaissance Art: A topical dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, ISBN 0-313-24658-0, p. 18.
- ^ "The Cyber Hymnal: Come, All Ye Shepherds". Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved .
Further reading
- Beckwith, John (1969). Early Medieval Art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20019-X.
- Levey, Michael (1961). From Giotto to Cézanne. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20024-6.
- Myers, Bernard (1965, 1985). Landmarks of Western Art. Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-35840-2.
External links
Media related to Adoration of the Shepherds at Wikimedia Commons
Adoration of the Shepherds
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| Preceded by Annunciation to the Shepherds |
New Testament Events |
Succeeded by Circumcision of Jesus |
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