Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

? (radical 1, ?+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input (MY), four-corner 1023₀, composition ???)

References

• KangXi: page 76, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
• Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 7, character 1
• Unihan data for U+4E0B

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character ?
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)		Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu Slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Ancient script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script j00145 j00146 j00147 j00148 j00149 j00150 j00151 j00152 j00153 j00154 j00155 j00156 j00157 j00158 j00159 j00160 j00161 j00162 Bronze inscriptions b00153 b00154 b00155 b00156 b00157 b00158 b00159 b00160 b00161 b00162 Small seal script s00016 Transcribed ancient scripts L34992 L34993 L34994 L34995 L34996 L34997 L34998 L34999 L35000 L35001 L17177 L17178 L17179 L17180 L17181 L17182 L17183

? in its shell and bone form is an ideogram () that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast ?). The shell and bone form evolved into ?, the character used today.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t ("to fall") (STEDT);

insides Sinitic, cognate to ? (OC *?·ra:?) "to fall, to drop", ? (OC *?·ra:?s) "dew", ? (OC *l'a:l?, *l'al?) "to collapse" and ? (OC *l'al?, *hljal?) "hillside, slope";

outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk ("to fall"), thla ~ thlâk ("to drop"), Burmese (kya., "to fall") and (hkya., "to drop").

Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing ? (OC gra:?) "to descend, down, below" to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, "be low, debased"); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-?.

? (OC *gra:s) "to be put down" is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);

? (OC *gra:s) "to descend, to fall" is a later, general / (qùsh?ng) derivative (ibid.).

Pronunciation

Definitions

?

1. (lower; inferior; located below)

   Antonym: ? (shàng)

   1. low position

      ?? / ??  -  xiàcéng  -  lower level

   2. lower part of; under

      ?? / ??  -  shùxià  -  under the tree

      ?? / ??  -  lóuxià  -  downstairs

      1. under the influence of; with

         ?? / ??  -  zài zhèxi? tiáojiàn xià  -  under these conditions

         ??? / ???  -  zài péngy?u de b?ngzhù xià  -  with help from friends

         ?? / ??  -  zài yàosh? zh?d?o xià  -  under the instruction of a pharmacist

   3. later; next

      ?? / ??  -  xià ge shìjì  -  the next century

      ??  -  xiàju?n  -  Volume II

   4. ⁺inferior, poor

      ??  -  xiàrén  -  servant

      ??  -  xiàp?n  -  inferior products

2. (to go to a lower place)

   Antonym: ? (shàng)

   1. to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down

      ????? / ?????  -  N? kuài xià lái.  -  Come down here.

      ??  -  xiàh?i  -  to go to sea

      ?? / ??  -  xiàlóu  -  to go downstairs

      ??  -  xiàsh?n  -  to go down the mountain

      ??  -  z?uxià  -  to walk down

      ??  -  luòxià  -  to fall down

      ?? / ??  -  tiàoxià sh?nyu?n  -  to jump down to an abyss

      1. (as complement) completely, thoroughly

         ??  -  náxià  -  to capture; to arrest

         ?? / ??  -  d?xià j?ch?  -  to lay the foundation

   2. to get out of; to leave

      ??  -  xiàchuán  -  to disembark from a boat

      ??  -  xiàchuáng  -  to get out of bed

      1. to finish, to complete

         ??  -  xiàb?n  -  to get off work

         ?? / ??  -  xiàkè  -  to finish class

   3. ⁺ to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior

      ?? / ??  -  xiàxi?ng  -  to go to the countryside

      ? / ?  -  xiàgu?nz?  -  to go to the restaurant

      ??  -  xiày?  -  to be forced to step down

   4. (colloquial) Short for ("to log out").
3. (to move something to a lower place)
   1. (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down

      ?? / ??  -  xiàb?  -  to start writing (lit., "to put the inkbrush down")

      ?? / ??  -  xiàji?o  -  to have a small place to stand in (lit., "to put the feet down")

      ?? / ??  -  xiàyào  -  to drug someone (lit., "to put the drug down")

      ??  -  xiàtà  -  to stay the night (lit., "to put the bed down")

      1. to put food into boiling water

         ? / ?  -  xià miàntiáo  -  to put noodles into boiling water

         ? / ?  -  xià ji?oz?  -  to put dumplings into boiling water

      2. to rain or snow

         ??  -  xiàxu?  -  to snow

         ??  -  xiày?  -  to rain

      3. to give birth (as an animal)

         ? / ?  -  xià zh?za?  -  to have piglets

         ??  -  xiàdàn  -  to lay eggs

      4. (colloquial) Short for ("to download").

         ????? / ?????  -  Xi?n qù xià ge ru?njiàn.  -  Download the software first.

   2. to give or issue something to an inferior person

      ??  -  xiàlìng  -  to issue an order

      1. to send an invitation

         ? / ?  -  xià zhànsh?  -  to send a letter of challenge

   3. ⁺ to conquer

      ???? / ????  -  lián xià s?n chéng  -  to achieve three goals successively (lit. "to conquer three forts successively")

4. (a short time)
   1. (historical, obsolete) Synonym of ?: an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes
   2. (colloquial) (as complement) Short for .
      1. for a short time; for one moment

         ??  -  d?ng xià  -  wait a moment

      2. give something a go

         ??  -  kàn xià  -  take a look

         ?? [Cantonese]  -  tai²haa⁵ [Jyutping]  -  take a look

         ?? / ?? [Cantonese]  -  man⁴haa⁵ [Jyutping]  -  try smelling it

   3. Classifier for the number of occurances: time

      ????? / ?????  -  Qi?o s?n xià mén.  -  Knock at the door three times.

5. to alight, to get off (a vehicle)

Synonyms

See also

• ? (luò)
• (down): ? (d?)

Compounds

Descendants

References

• "?", in ? (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (), A00005
• "Entry #175", in ? [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 1 "Ky?iku" kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: ? (ge, J?y?)
• Kan-on: ? (ka, J?y?)
• Kun: (shita, ?, J?y?); (shimo, ?, J?y?); (moto, ?, J?y?); (sagaru, , J?y?); (sageru, , J?y?); (kudaru, , J?y?); (kudasu, , J?y?); ? (kudasaru, , J?y?); (oriru, , J?y?); (orosu, , J?y?)

Compounds

Etymology 1

/sita/ -> /?ita/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

• Kun'yomi
• (Tokyo) ?? [shìtá] (Heiban - [0])^[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [?i?ta?]

Noun

?() o (shita) 

1. the below

   Antonym: ? (ue)

Derived terms

• ?()?(?) (shitagi)
• (?) (kutsushita, "socks")
• (?) (makushita)

Etymology 2

?simo₁? -> /sim?o/ -> /?imo/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

• Kun'yomi
• (Tokyo) ??​ [shìmó?] (Odaka - [2])^[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [?imo?]

Noun

?() o (shimo) 

1. the lower portion, end

   Antonym: ? (kami)

2. low in degree or rank

Derived terms

• ?()??(?) (shimo no ku)
• ?()?() (Shimonoseki)

Etymology 3

Cognate with ? (moto, "origin").^[3][4]

Alternative forms

• ?, ?

Pronunciation

• Kun'yomi
• (Tokyo) ??​ [mòtó?] (Odaka - [2])^[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [mo?to?]

Noun

?() o (moto) 

1. the lower portion, base
2. under the influence of

Etymology 4

From Middle Chinese ? (MC a^X, a^H).

The (goon, literally "Wu sound") reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

• On'yomi: Goon
• (Tokyo) ?​ [gé?] (Atamadaka - [1])^[1][2]
• (Tokyo) ? [gè] (Heiban - [0])^[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [?e?]

Noun

?(?) o (ge) 

1. the last volume in a two- or three-volume set

Etymology 5

From Middle Chinese ? (MC a^X, a^H).

The (kan'on, literally "Han sound") reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Affix

?(?) o (ka) 

1. down; below; beneath

Suffix

?(?) o (-ka) 

1. under a situation

References

Korean

Hanja

? (eumhun ? (arae ha))

1. (only used in compounds) Hanja form^? of ? ("below; bottom; lower; underneath").

Compounds

Okinawan

Etymology

Attested in the ? (Okinawa Goten, "Okinawan Dictionary") as .^[1]

Cognate with mainland Japanese ? (shita).

Noun

? (hiragana , romaji shicha)

1. the below

Derived terms

• (?, shichaji, "underwear")

References

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

? (sita) (kana )

1. the below
   1. looking down
      • 711-712, Kojiki (poem 57)

        ......

        ...sasibu wo sasibu no₂ ki₂ si ga sita ni opi₂dateru pabi₁ro₂ yu tu ma-tubaki₁...

        (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   2. a place
      • 711-712, Kojiki (poem 5)

        ..?...

        ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno₁ no₂ siro₁ki₁ tadamuki...

        (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Antonym: ? (upe₂)

Derived terms

• , (sitado₁pi₁)
• (sitanaki₁)
• (ame₂no₂sita)

Descendants

• Japanese: ? (shita)

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

? (simo₁ -> simo) (kana )

1. the lower part

   Antonym: ? (kami₁)

Descendants

• Japanese: ? (shimo)

Vietnamese

Han character

?: Hán Vi?t readings: h?^[1][2][3]
?: Nôm readings: h?^[1][2][3]

1. Hán t? form of h? ("to lower; to bring down; to take down").

Compounds

• (thiên h?)

References